1、考博英语-53 及答案解析(总分：94.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Reading (总题数：4，分数：20.00)Most of us find the forgetting easier, but maybe we should work on the forgiving part. “Holding on to hurts and nursing grudges wear you down physically and emotionally,“ says Stanford University psychologist Fred Luskin, author of Fo
2、rgive for Good. “Forgiving someone can be a powerful antidote.“In a recent study, Charlotte, assistant/associate professor of psychology at Hope College in Holland, Michigan; and this colleagues asked 71 volunteers to remember a past hurt. Tests recorded the highest blood pressure, heart rate and mu
3、scle tensionthe same responses that occur when people are angry. Research has linked anger and heart disease. When the volunteers were asked to imagine empathizing, even forgiving those who had wronged them, they remained calm by comparison.Whats more, forgiveness can be learned, insists Luskin, dir
4、ector of the Stanford Forgive- ness Project, “We teach people to rewrite their story in their minds, to change from victim to he- m. If the hurt is from a spouses infidelity, we might encourage them to think of themselves not only as a person who was cheated on, but as the person who tried to keep t
5、he marriage together. Two years ago, Luskin tested his method on 5 Northern Irish women whose sons had been murdered. After undergoing a week of forgiveness training, the womens sense of hurt, measured using psychological tests, had fallen by more than half. They were also much less likely to feel d
6、epressed and angry. “Forgiving isnt about forgetting what happened,“ says Luskin. “It is about breaking free of the person who wronged us.“The early signs that forgiving improves overall health are promising: A survey of 1,423 adults by the University of Michigans Institute for Social Research in 20
7、01 found that people who had forgiven someone in their past also reported being in better health than those who hadnt.However, while 75% said they were sure God had forgiven them for past mistakes, only52% had been able to find it in their hearts to forgive others. Forgiveness; it seems, is still di
8、vine.（分数：5.00）(1).Which of the following statements can be used as a best title for this passage?（分数：1.00）A.The Healing Power of ForgivenessB.Forget and ForgiveC.Forgiveness Is DivineD.The Study on Forgiveness(2).The following statements can be concluded from the study made by Charlotte EXCEPT that_
9、.（分数：1.00）A.forgiving can make people calm down.B.when people recall a past hurt, they tend to be more irritatedC.there is no link between forgiving and a heart diseaseD.when people recall a past hurt, they tend to have a higher blood pressure and heart rate(3).According to Luskin, if ones husband i
10、s not loyal to her, shed better _.（分数：1.00）A.seek help from a therapistB.try to keep the marriage togetherC.clean forget what has happenedD.take it seriously(4).According to the passage, the survey made by the University of Michigans Institute for Social Research mainly shows_.（分数：1.00）A.it is divin
11、e to forgive othersB.people are more healthy if they can forgive someone in the pastC.forgiving is clean forgetting what has happenedD.forgiving cannot improve health(5).The last paragraph implies that_.（分数：1.00）A.only God is able to forgive others who have made errorsB.forgiveness is already widesp
12、read among common peopleC.God is more lenient than human beingD.its not easy for people to forgive othersCrossing Wesleyan Universitys campus usually requires walking over colorful messages chalked on the ground. They can be as innocent as meeting announcements, but in a growing number of cases the
13、language is meant to shock. Its not uncommon, for instance, to see lewd reference to professors sexual preferences scrawled across a path or the mention of the word “Nig“ that African-American students say make them feel uncomfortable.In resp0nse, officials and students at schools are now debating w
14、ays to lead their communities away from forms of expression that offend or harass. In the process, theyre putting up against the difficulties of regulating speech at institutions that pride themselves on fostering open debate.Mr. Bennet of Wesleyan says he had gotten used to seeing occasional chalki
15、ngs filled with four-letter words. Campus tradition made any horizontal surface not attached to a building a potential billboard. But when chalkings began taking on a more threatening and obscene tone, Bennet deeided to act. “This is not acceptable in a workplace and not acceptable in an institution
16、 of higher learning,“ Bennet says. For now, Bennet is seeking input about what kind of message-posting policy the school should adopt. The student assembly recently passed a resolution saying the “right to speech comes with implicit responsibilities to respect community standards“.Other public unive
17、rsities have confronted problems this year while considering various ways of regulating where students can express themselves. At Harvard Law School, the recent controversy was more linked to the academic setting. Minority students there are seeking to curb what they consider harassing speech in the
18、 wake of a series of incidents last spring.At a meeting held by the “Committee on Health Diversity“ last week, the schools Black Law Students Association endorsed a policy targeting discriminatory harassment. It would trigger a review by school officials if there were charges of “severe or pervasive
19、 conduct“ by students or faculty. The policy would cover harassment based on, but not limited to, factors such as race, religion, creed, sexual orientation, national origin, and ethnicity.Boston attorney Harvey Silverglate, says other schools have adopted similar harassment policies that are actuall
20、y speech codes, punishing students for raising certain ideas. “Restricting students from saying anything that would be perceived ns very unpleasant by another student continues uninterrupted,“ says Silverglate, who attended the Harvard Law Town Meeting last week.（分数：5.00）(1).What is the typical scen
21、e found in the campus of Wesleyan University?（分数：1.00）A.Pieces of jokes are written in almost every WC.B.There are some meeting announcements on the billboard.C.All kinds of messages are written on the paths.D.Some people are shocked by the meeting announcements.(2).From the passage we can know that
22、_.（分数：1.00）A.officials and students are debating whether they should have free speechB.in the past few years, people did not have any freedom of speechC.some students are attacked politically as targetsD.officials and students are discussing ways of avoiding offending messages(3).Which of the follow
23、ing statements can best describe Mr. Bennets reaction to the doodling off campus?（分数：1.00）A.He has accustomed to seeing massages on the billboard.B.He thinks that it is not acceptable to have chalkiness on the ground in an institution of higher learning.C.He is looking for a good policy which can gu
24、ide the way of students message posting.D.He has decided to chalk some messages to fight against the harassing ones.(4).The essence of the problem is to _.（分数：1.00）A.stick up for free speechB.cleanse the academic settingC.cut the throat of free speechD.please the minorities(5).What is the policy ado
25、pted by many schools after heated debating?（分数：1.00）A.It is for the universities to clamp down on speech regarding racist comments or other forms of inappropriate ideas.B.It is to teach students to learn how to express themselves more clearly.C.It is to give the minority groups the right to speak fr
26、eely.D.It is to urge students to discuss problems as to race, religion, national origin and ethnicity.Ever hear of the lemming? Lemmings are arctic rat-like animals with very odd habits: periodically, for unknown reasons, they mass together in large herd and commit suicide by rushing into deep water
27、 and drowning themselves. They all run in together, blindly, and not one of them ever seems to stop and ask, “Why am I doing this? Is this really what I want to do?“ and thus save it serf from destruction. Obviously, lemmings are driven to perform their strange suicide rites by common instinct. Peop
28、le choose to “follow the herd“ for more complex reasons, yet we are still too often the unwilling victims of the bandwagon appeal.Essentially, the bandwagon urges us to an action or an opinion because it is popularbe- cause “everyone else is doing it.“ This call to “get on the bandwagon“ appeals to
29、the strong de- sire in most of us to be one of the crowd, not to be left out or alone. Advertising makes extensive use of the bandwagon appeal, bat so do politicians. Senator Yakalot uses the bandwagon appeal when he says “more and more citizens are rallying to my cause every day,“ and asks his audi
30、ence to “join themand mein our fight for America.“One of the ways we can see the bandwagon appeal at work is in the overwhelming success of various fashions and trends, which capture the interests of thousands of people for a short time, then disappear suddenly and completely. For a year or two in t
31、he 1950S every child in North America wanted a coonskin cap so that they could be like Davy Crockett; no one wanted to be left out. After that there was the hula-hoop craze that helped to dislocate thousands of Americans.The problem here is obvious: just because everyones doing it doesnt mean that w
32、e should too. Group approval does not approve that something is true or is worth doing: Large numbers of people have supported actions we now condemn. Just a generation ago, Hitler and Mussolini rose to absolute and destructive rule in two of the most cultured countries of Europe. When they came int
33、o power they won by massive popular support from millions of people who didnt want to be “left out“ at a. great historical moment.As we have seen, propaganda can appeal to us by arousing our emotions or distracting our attention from the real issues at hand. But theres third way that propaganda can
34、be put to work against usby use of faulty logic. This approach is really subtler than the other two because it gives the appearance of reasonable, fair argument. It is only when we look more closely that the holes in logic fiber show up.（分数：5.00）(1).The author illustrates the mass suicide of lemming
35、s in order to_.（分数：1.00）A.raise public awarenessB.support his viewpointC.justify bandwagon appealD.discredit their habit(2).In this article, “bandwagon appeal“ refers to_.（分数：1.00）A.a mass consensus among young peopleB.a universal way of thinkingC.the pursuit of a moral code of behaviorD.the desire
36、to support a popular course of action(3).Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned by the author to showcase bandwagon appeal at work?（分数：1.00）A.Fighting for America.B.Advertising.C.Political campaigning.D.Going after fashion.(4).In the authors eyes, propaganda can do more harm by_.（分数：1.00
37、）A.arousing our curiosityB.distracting our attentionC.using false reasoningD.posing popular issues(5).The main topic of this article is_.（分数：1.00）A.getting on the bandwagonB.following the herdC.independent thinkingD.logic reasoningThink of the ocean on a calm day. Ignoring the rise and fall of the w
38、aves, you might imagine the surface was dead flat the whole way across. Youd be wrong. Hills and valleys are as much as a feature of the sea as the land, although on a much smaller scale.These undulations have a variety of causes. Tides, currents, eddies, winds, river flow and changes in salinity an
39、d temperature push the sea level up in some places and down in others by as much as 2 meters. Ever tried swimming uphill?How do we map these oceanic hills and valleys? First, we need to know what the planet would look like without them. This is where the geoid (大地水准面) comes in. It is a surface where
40、 the Earths gravitational potential is equal and which best fits the global mean sea level. It is approximately an ellipsoid, though uneven distribution of mass within the Earth means that it can vary from this ideal by up to 150 meters.The geoid represents the shape the sea surface would be if the
41、oceans were net moving and affected only by gravity. Thus it can be used as a reference to measure any deviations in the ocean surface height that arent caused by gravitythe hills and valleys, for instance, or any regional increase in sea level.So how do you measure the geoid and the oceans irregula
42、r topography? Its complicated. Geophysicists calculate the geoid using data on variation in gravitational acceleration from several dozen satellites.The hills and valleys of the oceans are all very interesting, but can the geoid tell us anything more significant about the state of the planet? It cer
43、tainly can. Knowing accurately where the geoid lies and how the Ocean surface deviates from it will help meteorologists spot changes in Ocean currents associated with climate change. The circumpolar current around Antarctic is one they are particularly interested in.It can also predict local climate
44、 variations produced by events such as El Nino, El Nino keeps warm water that would normally move westwards close to the coast of South America, deprives Southeast Asia of its monsoon rains, and increases rainfall on the west coast of the Ametlca. Since temperature changes cause changes in sea level
45、, geoid-watchers should be able to prepare us before it strikes.（分数：5.00）(1).From the first paragraph, we can learn that_.（分数：1.00）A.the surface of the sea is a dead flat on a calm dayB.the sea waves are caused by a variety of factorsC.its a good idea to swim uphill, sometimeD.hills and valleys only
46、 exist on land(2).According to the passage, the word “geoid“ probably means_.（分数：1.00）A.the Earths gravitational potentialB.the uneven distribution of mass on the EarthC.the global mean sea levelD.the surface of the Earth(3).Geoid can be used to measure_.（分数：1.00）A.the gravitation of the EarthB.the
47、hills and valleys of the sea caused by gravitationC.the currents, eddies, changes in salinity, etc.D.deviations in the sea surface height(4).According to the passage, geoid may be helpful in all the following areas EXCEFT_.（分数：1.00）A.marine lives near AntarcticaB.the state of the planetC.the state o
48、f the ocean surfaceD.climatic changes(5).What can we learn about El Nino from the last paragraph of the passage?（分数：1.00）A.It keeps warm water move westwards.B.It brings drought to Southeast Asia.C.It brings more rain to the Atlantic Ocean.D.It helps sea level to remain steady.二、BPart Vocabula(总题数：3
49、0，分数：15.00)1.The way people spend their leisure time is what makes people _and reveals who they are.（分数：0.50）A.distinguishedB.discretionaryC.distinctD.discrete2.Larry does not have to worry about his newly-bought car, because he has_ it against accident, theft and fire.（分数：0.50）A.assuredB.securedC.ensuredD.insured3.Banking and financial systems are full of _and corruption hinder the regions successes.（分数：0.50）A.briberyB.managementC.administrationD.mismanagement4
