1、考博英语-548 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：4，分数：30.00)For this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic Foods are overwhelmingly the most advertised group of all consumer products in the United States. Food products lead in expenditures for network and spot televi
2、sion advertisements, discount coupons, trading stamps, contests, and other forms of premium advertising. In other media- newspapers, magazines, newspaper supplements, billboards, and radio- food advertising expenditures rank near the top. Food manufacturers spend more on advertising than any other m
3、anufacturing group, and the nations grocery stores rank first among all retailers.Throughout the 1970s, highly processed foods have accounted for the bulk of total advertising. Almost all coupons, electronic advertising, national printed media advertising, consumer premiums ( other than trading stam
4、ps) as well as most push promotion come from processed and packaged food products. In 1978, breakfast cereals, soft drinks, candy and other desserts, oils and salad dressings, coffee, and prepared foods accounted for only an estimated 20 percent of the consumer food dollar. Yet these items accounted
5、 for about one half of all media advertising.By contrast, highly perishable foods such as unprocessed meats, poultry, fish and eggs, fruits and vegetables, and dairy products accounted for over half of the consumer food-at-home dollar. Yet these products accounted for less than 8 percent of national
6、 media advertising in 1.978, and virtually no discount coupons. These products tend to be most heavily advertised by the retail sector in local newspapers, where they account for an estimated 40 percent of retail grocery newspaper ads.When measured against total food-at-home expenditures, total meas
7、ured food advertising accounts for between 3 and 3.7 cents out of every dollar spent on food in the nations grocery stores. A little less than one cent of this amount is accounted for by electronic advertising ( mostlytelevision) while incentives account for 0.6 cents. The printed media accounts for
8、 0.5 cents and about one-third of one cent is comprised of discount coupon redemptions. The estimate for the cost of push promotion ranges from 0.7 to 1.4 cents. This range is necessary because of the difficulty in separating non-promotional aspects of direct sellingtransportation, technical, and ot
9、her related services.Against this gross consumer cost must be weighed the joint products or services provided by advertising. In the case of electronic advertising, the consumer who views commercial television receives entertainment, while readers of magazines and newspapers receive reduced prices o
10、n these publication. The consumer pays directly for some premiums, but also receives nonfood merchandise as an incentive to purchase the product. The “benefits“ must, therefore, be subtracted from the gross cost to the consumer to fully assess the net cost of advertising.Also significant are the imp
11、acts of advertising on food demand, nutrition, and competition among food manufacturers. The bulk of manufacturers advertising is concentrated on a small portion of consumer food products. Has advertising changed the consumption of these highly processed products relative to more perishable foods su
12、ch as meats, produce, and dairy products? Has the nutritional content of U. S. food consumption been influenced by food advertising? Has competition among manufacturers and retailers been enhanced or weakened by advertising? These are important questions and warrant continued research.（分数：7.50）(1).T
13、he authors attitude towards advertising can be characterized as _.（分数：1.50）A.admiringB.condemningC.uncertainD.inquisitive(2).As used in the passage, the term “push promotion“ means _.（分数：1.50）A.coupon redemptionB.retail advertisingC.advertising in trade journalsD.direct selling(3).The author implies
14、 that advertising costs _.（分数：1.50）A.are greater for restaurants than for at-home foodsB.should be discounted by the benefits of advertising to the consumerC.are much higher in the United States than anywhere else in the worldD.for prepared foods are considerably higher than for natural foods for al
15、l media(4).The purpose of the passage is to _.（分数：1.50）A.warn about rising food advertising costsB.let experts see how overextended food advertising has becomeC.describe the costs of food advertising and the issues yet to be understood about its effectsD.congratulate the food industry on its effecti
16、ve advertising(5).If it were discovered that the nutritional content of the U.S. food supply were degraded by the advertising of highly processed foods and such advertising was totally banned, which of the following possible results of the ban could be inferred from the passage?（分数：1.50）A.The subscr
17、iption costs of publications might rise.B.The cost of cable television might rise.C.The cost of free television might rise.D.Fewer consumers would watch certain television shows.However important we may regard school life to be, there is no gainsaying the fact that children spend more time at home t
18、han in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teacher. They can become strong allies of the school personnel or they can consciously or unconsciously hinder and thwart curricular objectives.Administrators have been aware of the need to keep pa
19、rents apprised of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing, and developmental mathematics.Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an importan
20、t role in enlightening parents. The many interviews carried on during the year as well as new ways of reporting pupils progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home.To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes nig
21、ht after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate in discussing the family budget, buying the food. Using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock,
22、calculating mileage on a trip, and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis.If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics and at the sams time, enjoying the work.Too often, ho
23、wever, teachers conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of childrens misdemeanors, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestions for penalties and rewards at home.What is needed is a more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professional adviser plants ideas
24、in parents minds for the best utilization of the many hours that the child spends out of the classroom.In this way, the school and the home join forces in fostering the fullest developmefit of youngsters capacities.（分数：7.50）(1).The central idea conveyed in the above passage is that_.（分数：1.50）A.home
25、training is more important than school training because a child spends so many hours with his parentsB.teachers can and should help parents to understand and further the objectives of the schoolC.parents unwittingly have hindered and thwarted curricular objectivesD.there are many ways in which the m
26、athematics program can be implemented at home(2).The author directly discusses the fact that _.（分数：1.50）A.parents drill their children too much in arithmeticB.principals have explained the new art programs to parentsC.a father can have his son help him construct articles at homeD.a parents misguided
27、 efforts can be redirected to proper channels(3).It can reasonably be inferred that the author _.（分数：1.50）A.is satisfied with present relationships between home and schoolB.feels that the traditional program in mathematics is slightly superior to the developmental programC.believes that schools are
28、lacking in guidance personnelD.feels that parent-teacher interviews can be made much more constructive than they are at present(4).The author implies that_.（分数：1.50）A.participation in interesting activities relating to a school subject improves ones achievement in that areaB.too many children are la
29、zy and have poor work habitsC.school principals do more than their share in interpreting the curriculum to the parentsD.only a small part of the school day should be set apart for drilling in arithmetic(5).The authors primary purpose in writing this passage is to _.（分数：1.50）A.tell parents to pay mor
30、e attention to the guidance of teachers in the matter of educational activities in the homeB.help ensure that every childs capacities are fully developed when he leaves schoolC.urge teachers and school administrators to make use of a much underused resourcethe parentsD.improve the teaching of mathem
31、aticsThe newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, unalloyed, unsalted, objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more; it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment confronting American journalismto make cle
32、ar to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the possible exception of such scribbling as society and club news) as “local“ news, because any event in the international area has a l
33、ocal reaction in manpower draft, in economic strain, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life.There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering choppy and dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion. This is nonsense.The opponents of interpretatio
34、n insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to the “facts“. This insistence raises two questions: What arc the facts? And: Are the bare facts enough ?As to the first query, consider how a so-called“ factual“ story comes about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts; out of these f
35、ifty, his space allotment being necessarily restricted, he selects the ten which he considers the most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the lead of the piece. ( This is an important decision because many readers do not pr
36、oceed beyond the first paragraph. ) This is Judgment Number Two. Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large impact, or on page twenty-four, where it has little. Judgment Number Three.Thus, in the presentation of a so-called“ factual“ or“
37、 objective“ story, at least three judgments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their research resources, their general background, and their “news neutralism“, arrive at a conclusion as to the significan
38、ce of the news.The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather than subjective processesas objective, that is, as any human being can be (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always
39、be the beacon on the murky news channels. ) If an editor is intent on slanting the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by the selection of those facts that prop up his particular plea. Or he can do it by the play he gives a story - promoting it
40、to page one or demoting it to page thirty.（分数：7.50）(1).The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is _.（分数：1.50）A.Interpreting the NewsB.Everything CountsC.Function of the Night EditorD.Subjective versus Objective Processes(2).The writer of an article selects ten out of 50 available fac
41、ts because_.（分数：1.50）A.space is limitedB.his editor is prejudicedC.the subject is not importantD.he is entering choppy and dangerous waters(3).The author is implying that _.（分数：1.50）A.in writing a factual story, the writer must use judgmentB.the writer should limit himself to the factsC.the writer s
42、hould make the story interestingD.reporters slant their stories(4).The lead sentence should present the most important fact because _.（分数：1.50）A.it will influence the reader to continueB.it will gratify the editorC.some readers do not read beyond the first paragraphD.it is the best way to write, acc
43、ording to the schools of journalism(5).Placement of a story on page one or page twenty-four will control its _.（分数：1.50）A.accuracyB.impartialityC.impactD.relative importanceBoth plants and animals of many sorts show remarkable changes in form, structure, growth habits, and even mode of reproduction
44、in becoming adapted to different climatic environment, types of food supply, or mode of living. This divergence in response to evolution is commonly expressed by altering the form and function of some part or parts of the organism, the original identity of which is clearly discernible. For example,
45、the creeping foot of the snail is seen in related marine preemptors to be modified into a flapping organ useful for swimming, and is changed into prehensile arms that bear sartorial disks in the squids and other cephalopods. The limbs of various mammals are modified according to several different mo
46、des of lifefor swift running (cursorial) as in the horse and antelope, for swinging to several different modes of lifefor swinging in trees (arboreal) as in the monkey, for digging ( fossorial ) as in the moles and gophers, for flying (volant) as in the bats, for swimming (aquatic) as in the seals,
47、whales and dolphins, and for other adaptations. The structures or organs that show main change in connection with this adaptive divergence are commonly identified readily as homologous, in spite of great alterations. Thus, the fingers and wrist bones of a bat and whale, for instance, have virtually
48、nothing in common except that they are definitely equivalent elements of the mammalian limb.（分数：7.50）(1).The best title for this passage is _.（分数：1.50）A.Adoptive DivergenceB.EvolutionC.Unusual StructuresD.Changes in Organs(2).“Homologous“ means_.（分数：1.50）A.alteredB.correspondingC.divergentD.mammalia
49、n(3).Plants and animals change in form _.（分数：1.50）A.as they evolveB.to adjust to environmentC.because of their structureD.because of their mode of reproduction(4).Homes, monkeys, moles, bats, and whales are_.（分数：1.50）A.fossorialB.volantC.aquaticD.mammalian(5).Cephalopods have（分数：1.50）A.suctorial disksB.flapping organsC.discernible organsD.homologous organs二、Part Vocabulary(总题数：30，分数：15.00)1.Many quarrels have_ through misunderstanding; how to solve them is important.（分数：0.50）A.
