1、考博英语-582 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Vocabulary(总题数：30，分数：30.00)1.Many politicians find that they can no longer afford the luxury of a personal chauffeur.（分数：1.00）A.valetB.driverC.secretaryD.servant2.Differences in positions adopted by oxygen and hydrogen atoms account for variations in the cr
2、ystalline structure of different forms of ice.（分数：1.00）A.are caused byB.explainC.derive fromD.constitute3.General acceptance of 3-D films may prove hard to come by as the experience of three decades ago indicated.（分数：1.00）A.obtainB.explainC.understandD.discerm4.The United States Food and Drug Admini
3、stration has shown itself to be particularly wary with regard to alleged “miracle“ drugs in recent times.（分数：1.00）A.bellicoseB.exhaustedC.cautiousD.strange5.Sometimes a dictionary designates a noun as attributive, which means that it can be used to describe another noun or name its attributes.（分数：1.
4、00）A.conveysB.definesC.indicatesD.explains6.The primary objective of Basic Econometrics is to provide an elementary but an comprehensive introduction to the art and science of econometrics.（分数：1.00）A.briefB.preciseC.simplifiedD.extensive7.The plainer a bowerbirds plumage, the more brightly it decora
5、tes its nest to attract a mate.（分数：1.00）A.more spectacularB.dullerC.flatterD.more melancholy8.When we were in the mountains, we often found ourselves entirely enveloped by the fog.（分数：1.00）A.confinedB.surroundedC.darkenedD.blocked9.Perhaps more than anything else, it was onerous taxes that led to th
6、e Peasants Revolt in England in 1381.（分数：1.00）A.multipleB.unjustC.burdensomeD.infamous10.She was so obstinate that she wouldnt adjust her opinions.（分数：1.00）A.inflexibleB.alertC.wiseD.talented11.Recent research into aging suggests that the bodys defense mechanisms may lose the ability to distinguish
7、what is alien.（分数：1.00）A.insaneB.infectiousC.foreignD.poisonous12.Giving the child problems he cant solve will only frustrate him.（分数：1.00）A.baffleB.worryC.alarmD.cultivate13.A number of animals in Aesops fables are portrayed as being crafty.（分数：1.00）A.vainB.virtuousC.artisticD.cunning14.One of the
8、most interesting inhabitants of our world is the bee, an insect which is indigenous to all parts of the globe except the Polar Regions.（分数：1.00）A.residentsB.petsC.intimatesD.creatures15.In 1984, President Ronald Reagan proposed that the United States construct a launch laboratory for a new era of sp
9、ace exploration.（分数：1.00）A.probingB.revengeC.invasionD.expansion16.Attitudes on the two sides in the Revolutionary War precluded the possibility of a peaceful solution.（分数：1.00）A.presagedB.prejudicedC.anticipatedD.prevented17.One word describes what makes Singapore work: discipline.（分数：1.00）A.punish
10、mentB.regulationC.unemploymentD.salary18.Recent studies have identified four major global environmental risks acid rain, ozone depletion, deforestation and the greenhouse effect.（分数：1.00）A.recognizedB.provedC.got rid ofD.multiplied19.Psychologists have recently mounted an offensive against what they
11、 describe as nastiness toward students by educators.（分数：1.00）A.arbitrarinessB.unpleasantnessC.severityD.aloofness20.Jane and Tom have been able to reconcile their difference and are a happy family again.（分数：1.00）A.settleB.arrangeC.balanceD.pacify21.Both a persons heredity and his environment help to
12、 shape his character.（分数：1.00）A.relativeB.educationC.nationalityD.surroundings22.The environmental balance among ecological communities is exceedingly complex.（分数：1.00）A.almostB.successfullyC.extremelyD.rarely23.In the first decades of the twentieth century, the individual gene could not be seen, bu
13、t could be worked with fruitfully.（分数：1.00）A.blindlyB.completelyC.productivelyD.carefully24.Cowries shells were once in widespread use as a token of value.（分数：1.00）A.a symbolB.an amountC.a thingD.an investment25.In ancient Egyptian paintings, royal figures were differentiated by making them several
14、times larger man other.（分数：1.00）A.distinguishedB.estrangedC.deferredD.enlarged26.No other newspaper columnist has managed as yet to of readership.（分数：1.00）A.thoughB.in spite of thisC.evenD.so far27.The two psychologists had to modify the American Sign Language somewhat in order to accommodate the ch
15、impanzees spontaneous gestures.（分数：1.00）A.changeB.abortC.shortenD.enhance28.The mother is told that her child is desperately illthe chances of survival are slim, and the treatment is as dreadful as the disease.（分数：1.00）A.incurableB.fearfulC.impossibleD.troublesome29.Adverse reviews in the New York p
16、ress may greatly change the prospects of a new Broadway production.（分数：1.00）A.additionalB.encouragingC.unfavorableD.subversive30.Chimpanzees are frequently used as stand-ins for human beings in experiments.（分数：1.00）A.partnersB.role-modelsC.stand-bysD.substitute二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Pa
17、ssage One(总题数：1，分数：6.00)Early that June Pins XII secretly addressed the Sacred College of Cardinals on the extermination of the Jews. “Every word we address to the competent authority on this subject, and all our public utterances,“ he said in explanation of his reluctance to express more open conde
18、mnation, “have to be carefully weighed and measured by us in the interest of the victims themselves, lest, contrary to our intentions, we make their situation worse and harder to bear.“ He did not add that another reason for proceeding cautiously was that he regarded Bolshevism as a far greater dang
19、er than Nazism.The position of the Holy Sea was deplorable but it was an offense of omission rather than commission. The Church, under the Popes guidance, had already saved the lives of more Jews than all other churches, religious institutions, and rescue organizations combined, and was presently hi
20、ding thousands of Jews in monasteries, convents, and Vatican City itself. The record of the Allies was far more shameful. The British and Americans, despite lofty pronouncements, had not only avoided taking any meaningful action but gave sanctuary to few persecuted Jews. The Moscow Declaration of th
21、at yearsigned by Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalinmethodically listed Hitlers victims as Polish, Italian, French, Dutch, Belgian, Norwegian, Soviet, and Cretan. The curious omission of Jews (a policy emulated by the U. S. Office of War Information) was protested vehemently but uselessly by the World
22、Jewish Congress. By the simple expedient of converting the Jews of Poland into Poles, and so on, the Final Solution was lost in the Big Threes general classification of Nazi terrorism.Contrasting with their reluctance to face the issue of systematic Jewish extermination was the forthrightness and co
23、urage of the Danes, who defied German occupation by transporting to Sweden almost every one of their 6,500 Jews; of the Finns, allies of Hitler, who saved all but four of their 4,000 Jews; and of the Japanese, another ally, who provided refuge in Manchuria for some 5,000 wandering European Jews in r
24、ecognition of financial aid given by the Jewish firm of Kuhn, Loeb Wesche 1993; Silver 1992).All of these researchers, however, visited the community in its early years of operation. As mentioned previously, recent, non-scholarly reports are less positive. Thus there remains some doubt as to the lon
25、g-term viability of even such a model of indigenous ecotourism development as Capirona. This study originally proposed to study Capimnas project, but that community was weary of such research visits and refused a request to carry out the study there. Palo Blanco, though completing only its first yea
26、r of ecotourism developmemt was chosen as an alternate site. Perhaps it should not be surprising that the prospects for ecotourism in Rio Blanco appear, as they did in Capirona quite bright.Ecotourism development efforts differ from mainstream development efforts in that, aside from start-up loans,
27、much or all of the continuing financial support comes from tourists rather than from governments or development agencies. As a result, the two main players many ecotourism endeavorthe hosts and the guestsare driven by differing motivations. The local population hopes to improve its own lot by taking
28、 advantage of the curiosity, disposable income, and in some cases, perhaps, good intentions of ecotourists. The tourists want to “explore the natural wonders of the world,“ whether that be a wildebeest migration across the Serengeti or the march of leaf-cutter ants across the jungle floor (Ryan and
29、Grasse 1991: 166).In contrast to mass tourism, ecotourism permits tourists to seek educational self-fulfillment in the form of travel, and tries to transform that activity into something that benefits the greater goodspecifically, to fund environmental preservation, rural development, and even cultu
30、ral survival. However, in order to satisfy everyonetourists, environmentalists, tour operators and the local hostsecotourism must bring into aliganment a variety of contradictory purposes. Ecotourism promotes feelings among tourists that they are part of the solution when, in fact, the very act of f
31、lying a thousand miles or more to their destination consumes resources and pollutes the enviroment (cf. Somerville 1994). The beauty of ecotourism is that it can exploit this egotistic motivation; the flaw is that it is forever limited by it.Even a brief foray into development literature, however, s
32、hows that flawed conceptualizations are the rule, not the exception. As development, ecotourism may be no more inchoate than any other approach, and in some ways it is as progressive as any theory. For example, ecotourism twin development goalsconserving the environment and benefiting local peoplesa
33、re increasingly seen, both within and outside of tourism circles, as interdependent. Without economic development, many argue that environmental conservation is neither ethical nor sustainable (Boo 1990: 1; West and Brechin 1992: 14; Brandon and Wells 1992). Such conservation can be achieved only by
34、 providing local people with alternative income sources which do not threaten to deplete the plants and amamis within the protected zone (Brandon and Wells 1992: 557). Most research on this issue, however, assumes that the protective regulations have been established by the government or another ext
35、ernal ageacy. In Rio Blanco, however, the people themselves are already acting to protect their land.（分数：6.00）(1).According to the author, scholars（分数：1.00）A.see life through rose-colored glasses.B.should never give favorable reports.C.are expected to give only favorable response following their res
36、earch and analysis.D.seem to believe a favorable result to research missed the point.(2).Ecotourism relies on（分数：1.00）A.government aid exclusively.B.local people and their donations of time and money.C.initial loans at the beginning, followed by support from tourists.D.government assistance through
37、agencies and local disposable incom(3).The main contradiction raised in this text is that（分数：1.00）A.local people do not need outside tourists.B.tourists who believe in ecotourism actually bring some measure of damage to the places they visit.C.tourists are egotistical but do not want to be.D.tourist
38、s do not want to spend money but the local people expect them to.(4).A study of the studies available on this topic shows that（分数：1.00）A.ecotourism is not like other projects that earn money.B.the twin goals actually coincide with each other.C.the rule in the thinking about ecotourism is that the th
39、inking is well put.D.later studies and reports may differ from earlier studies.(5).The key to conserving the environment is（分数：1.00）A.economic self-reliance.B.income for the local people that is independent of ecotourism.C.ameliorating accessibility.D.all of the abov(6).The expression “explore the n
40、atural wonders of the world“ is in quotation marks because（分数：1.00）A.there are no specific natural wonders of the world.B.it is meant to bring attention to the use of the word “wonder.“C.it is meant to be amusing in its comparison of a wildebeest to an ant,D.it is probably a quotation from Ryan and
41、Grass六、Passage Four(总题数：1，分数：6.00)It is not forbidden to dream of building a better world, which is by and large what the social sciences try to help us to do. How to make cities more harmonious, reduce crime rates, improve welfare, overcome racism, increase our wealththis is the stuff of social sci
42、ences. The trouble is that the findings of social sciences are often dismissed as being too theoretical, too ambitious or too unpalatable. The methods of research are also often attacked for their lack of rigor, and critics are quick to point out that the people who make the important decisions pay
43、little attention to what social scientists have to say anyway. This would change if the social sciences made themselves more relevant and ready for the society of the 21st century.Social sciences began to take shape in the 19th century, but came into their own at the beginning of the 20th century, w
44、hen a number of well-established disciplines, including economics, sociology, political science, history and anthropology really made their mark. Geography and psychology could be added to that list. However, only sociology, political science and economics have succeeded in consolidating their posit
45、ion in the social sciences mainstream. The others were virtually all marginalised. Moreover, powerful institutional barriers now separate the various disciplines.Hardly the right atmosphere in which to grow and deal with the harsh criticism which the social sciences have come in for from many quarte
46、rs, including governments and international commissions. Radical measures are now being suggested to turn things round, from how to award university chairs, to setting syllabi and raising funds.The need for decompartmentalising and striking a new order in the relationship between the disciplines con
47、cerns all of the social sciences, though perhaps economics most of all, Only it has acquired a dominant position in management and public affairs. Some would My it has fallen under the sway of “unitary thinking“, with little room for debate, for example, on the question of debt reduction or monetary
48、 tightness. Moreover, many people do not believe that economic science forms part of social sciences at all. This is a somewhat problematic position to uphold, particularly as economic developments are largely determined by political, social and cultural factors. Yet, economists often have difficult
49、y understanding or taking such factors into account. This has left economics exposed to attack, for example, over its prescriptions for development and its analysis of events, such as the causes of the Asian crisis. To many, economics relies too heavily on hypothetical and sometimes unrealistic assumptions.Can social sciences bounce back and assert themselves in the 21st century? We will probably not be able to tell for a few decades, since the ways in which societies analyse themselves develop very slowly. After all, the social sciences are rarely given to sudden dis
