1、考博英语-593 及答案解析(总分：90.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：2，分数：10.00)Cities develop as a result of functions that they can perform, some functions result directly from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surro
2、unding hinterland (the region that supplies goods to the city and to which the city furnishes services and other goods). Geographers often make a distinction between the situation and the site of a city. Situation refers to the general position in relation to the surrounding region, whereas site inv
3、olves physical characteristics of the specific location. Situation is normally much more important to the continuing prosperity of a city. If a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its development is much more likely to continue. Chicago, for example, possesses an almost unparalleled s
4、ituation: it is located at the southern end of a huge lake that forces eastwest transportation lines to be compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting of significant land and water transport routes. It also overlooks what is one of the worlds finest large farming regions. These factors ensured th
5、at Chicago would become a great city regardless of the disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding during thunderstorm activity.Similarly, it can be argued that much of New York Citys importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation. Ph
6、iladelphia and Boston both originated at about the same time as New York and shared New Yorks location at the western end of one of the worlds most important oceanic trade routes, but only New York possesses an easyaccess functional connection (the HudsonMohawk lowland ) to the vast Midwestern hinte
7、rland. This account does not alone explain New Yorks primacy, but it does include several important factors. Among the many aspects of situation that help to explain why some cities grow and others do not, original location on a navigable waterway seems particularly applicable. Of course, such chara
8、cteristic as slope, drainage, power resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and other physical characteristics help to determine city location, but such factors are normally more significant in early stages of city development than later.（分数：5.00）(1).What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The d
9、evelopment of trade routes through United States cities.B. Contrasts in settlement patterns in the United States.C. Historical differences among three large United States cities.D. The importance of geographical situation in the growth of United States cities.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The passage suggest
10、s that a geographer would consider a citys soil type part of its _.A. hinterland B. situationC. site D. function（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the passage, a citys situation is more important than its site in regard to the citys _.A. long-term growth and prosperityB. ability to protect its citize
11、nryC. possession of favorable weather conditionsD. need to import food supplies（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The author mentions each of the following as an advantage of Chicagos location EXCEPT its _.A. hinterlandB. nearness to a large lakeC. position in regard to transport routesD. flat terrain（分数：1.00）A.B
12、.C.D.(5).The primary purpose of Paragraph 1 is to _.A. summarize past research and introduce a new studyB. describe a historical periodC. emphasize the advantages of one theory over anotherD. define a term and illustrate it with an example（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.The two claws of the mature American lobster
13、 are decidedly different from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout; the cutter claw is long and slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the fight side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority of
14、humans are righthanded, in lobsters the crasher claw appears with equal probability on either the right side or left side of the body.Bilateral asymmetry of the claws comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutter like. Asym
15、metry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of development, and the paired claws further diverge toward welldefined cutter and crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by Victor Emmer. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed d
16、uring the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a cutter. Removal of a claw during a later juvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry; the intact and regenerate claws retain their origi
17、nal structures.These observations indicate that the conditions that trigger differentiation must operate in a random manner when the paired claws are intact, but in a nonrandom manner when one of the claws is lost. One possible explanation is that differential use of the claws determines their asymm
18、etry. Perhaps the claw that is used more becomes the crusher. This would explain why, when one of the claws is missing during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw always becomes a crusher. With two intact claws, initial use of one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the other thro
19、ughout the juvenile fourth and fifth stages, causing it to become a crusher.To test this hypothesis, researchers raised lobsters in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development in a laboratory environment in which the lobsters could manipulate oyster chips. (Not coincidentally, at this stage
20、of development lobsters typically change from a habitat where they drift passively, to the ocean floor where they have the opportunity to be more active by borrowing in the substrate. ) Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric claws, half with crusher claws on the left, and half wit
21、h crusher claws on the right. In contrast, when juvenile lobsters were reared in a smooth tank without the oyster chips, the majority developed two cutter claws. This unusual configuration of symmetrical cutter claws did not change when the lobsters were subsequently placed in a manipulable environm
22、ent or when they lost and regenerated one or both claws.（分数：5.00）(1).The passage is primarily concerned with _.A. drawing an analogy between asymmetry in lobsters and handedness in humansB. developing a method for predicating whether crusher claws in lobster will appear on the left or right sideC. e
23、xplaining differences between lobsters crusher claws and cutter clawsD. discussing a possible explanation for the way bilateral asymmetry is determined in lobsters（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following experimental results, if observed, would most clearly contradict the findings of Victor Emmet
24、?A. A left cutter like claw is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.B. A left cutter like claw is removed in the fourth stage and a crusher claw develops on the left side.C. A left cutter like claw is removed in the six stage and a crusher claw develops on the rig
25、ht side.D. A left cutter like claw is removed in the fourth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).It can be inferred from the passage that one difference between lobsters in the earlier stages of development and those in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages is that
26、 lobsters in the early stages are _.A. likely to be less activeB. likely to be less symmetricalC. more likely to replace a crusher claw with a cutter clawD. more likely to regenerate a lost claw（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following conditions does the passage suggest is a possible cause for th
27、e failure of a lobster to develop a crusher claw?A. The loss of a claw during the third or earlier stage of development.B. The lose of claw during the fourth or fifth stage of development.C. The loss of a claw during the sixth stage of development.D. Development in an environment devoid of material
28、that can be manipulated.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The author regards the idea that differentiation is triggered randomly when paired claws remain intact as _.A. irrefutable considering the authoritative nature of Emmas observationsB. likely in view of present evidenceC. contradictory to conventional thin
29、king on lobster-claw differentiationD. purely speculative because it is based on scattered research and experimentation（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.三、Part B(总题数：2，分数：14.00)The earth is witnessing an urban revolution, as people worldwide crowd into towns and cities. In 1800 only five percent of the worlds popula
30、tion were urban dwellers; now the proportion has risen to more than forty-five percent, and by the year 2010 more people will live in towns and cities than in the countryside. Humanity will, for the first time, have become a predominantly urban species.Though the world is getting more crowded by the
31、 day, absolute numbers of population are less important than where people concentrate and whether these areas can cope with them. Even densities, however, tell us nothing about the quality of the infrastructure-roads, housing and job creation, for exampleor the availability of crucial services.The m
32、ain question, then, is not how many people there are in a given area, but how well their needs can be met. Density figures have to be set beside measurements of weaith and employment, the quality of housing and the availability of education, medical care, clean water, sanitation and other vital serv
33、ices. The urban revolution is taking place mainly in the Third World, where it is hardest to accommodate.Between 1950 and 1985 the number of city dwellers grew more than twice as fast in the Third World as in industrialized countries. During this period, the urban population of the developed world i
34、ncreased from 477 million to 838 million, less than double; but it quadrupled in developing countries, from 286 million to 1.14 billion. Africas urban population is racing along at five percent a year on average, doubling city numbers every fourteen years. By the turn of the century, three in every
35、four LatinAmericans will live in urban areas, as will two in every five Asians and one in every three Africans. Developing countries will have to increase their urban facilities by two thirds by then, if they are to maintain even their present inadequate levels of services and housing.In 1940 only o
36、ne out of every hundred of the worlds people lived in a really big city, one with a population of over a million. By 1980 this proportion had already risen to one in ten. Two of the worlds biggest cities, Mexico and Sao Paulo, are already bursting at the seams-and their populations are doubling in l
37、ess than twenty years.About a third of the people of the Third Worlds cities now live in desperately overcrowded slums and squatter settlements. Many are unemployed, uneducated, undernourished and chronically sick. Tens of millions of new people arrive every year, flocking in from the countryside in
38、 what is the greatest mass migration in history.Pushed out of the countryside by rural poverty and drawn to the cities in the hope of a better life, they find no houses waiting for them, no water supplies, no sewerage, no schools. They throw up makeshift hovels, built of whatever they can find: stic
39、ks, fronds, cardboard, tarpaper, straw, petrol tins and, if they are lucky, corrugated iron. They have to take the land none else wants; land that is too wet, too dry, too steep or too polluted for normal habitation.Yet all over the world the inhabitants of these apparently hopeless slums show extra
40、ordinary enterprise in improving their lives. While many settlements remain stuck in apathy, many others are gradually improved through the vigour and cooperation of their people, who turn flimsy shacks into solid buildings, build school, lay out streets and put in electricity and water supplies.Gov
41、ernments can help by giving the squatters the right to the land that they have usually occupied illegally, giving them the incentive to improve their homes and neighborhoods. The most important way to ameliorate the effects of the Third Worlds exploding cities, however, is to slow down the migration
42、. This involves correcting the bias most governments show towards cities and towns and against the countryside. With few sources of hard currency, though, many governments in developing countries continue to concentrate their limited development efforts in cities and towns, rather than rural areas,
43、where many of the most destitute live. As a result, food production falls as the countryside slides ever deeper into depression.Since the process of urbanization concentrates people, the demand for basic necessities, like food, energy, drinking water and shelter, is also increased, which can exact a
44、 heavy toll on the surrounding countryside. High-quality agricultural land is shrinking in many regions, taken out of production because of overuse and mismanagement. Creeping urbanization could aggravate this situation, further constricting economic development.The most effective way of tackling po
45、verty, and of stemming urbanization, is to reverse national priorities in many countries, concentrating more resources in rural areas where most poor people still live. This would boost food production and help to build national economies more securely.Ultimately, though, the choice of priorities co
46、mes down to a question of power. The people of the countryside are powerless beside those of the towns; the destitute of the countryside may starve in their scattered millions, whereas the poor concentrated in urban slums pose a constant threat of disorder. In all but a few developing countries the
47、bias towards the cities will therefore continue, as will the migrations that are swelling their numbers beyond control.（分数：6.00）(1).The purpose of the passage is _.A. to warn about the dangers of revolutions in townsB. to warn about the possibility of a population explosionC. to suggest governments
48、should change their prioritiesD. to suggest governments invest in more housing in cities（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The urban population of the world _.A. has risen to around forty percent in the last 200 yearsB. will have risen to more than fifty percent by the year 2010C. has risen by forty-five percent
49、since 1800D. will live in cities for the first time（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The most important factor is _.A. the quality of the infrastructure and servicesB. where people are concentratedC. wealth and employmentD. density figures and measurements（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A third of the people in Third World cities _.A. live in Mexico and Sao PauloB. are undernourished and illC. live in inadequate housingD. arrived last year（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Many Third World city dwellers _.A. start their own business enterprisesB. crea
