1、考博英语-594 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A wheel is any dish like object that can be used for transportation or in machinery. To be useful, a wheel must revolve (1) an axle, which is normally a shaft attached (2) the wheels center.No one is exactly sure when the wheel was first (3)
2、 . But it is thought to have been in use during the early Bronze Age in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley in the Middle East (4) Iraq is located today. We know that ancient people there used (5) . These and other wheeled vehicles are shown in artwork from the area (6) back to 3500 B.C.How were such (7) de
3、veloped? The idea began when people placed logs as rollers under a platform. They were used to (8) heavy loads. The center of the logs may have been partly hewn, or carved away, (9) a narrow axle between solid, thick wheels at each end. Some ancient Middle East people even wrapped leather tires arou
4、nd the solid wooden wheels attached to (10) carts.Probably the first way (11) wheels were used other than for transportation was in pottery making. (12) beautiful and useful pieces of pottery, a potter puts a lump of clay on a horizontally placed wheel which is attached to an axle. (13) the potter s
5、its facing the wheel and makes it spin, using a foot pedal. The potter molds the clay, using both hands (14) fingers, as the wheel spins. Thus the clay is (15) . Various objects (16) bowls, plates, vases, and cups are produced in this manner.The wheel and axle also have other (17) . They are part of
6、 many (18) . An axle attached to a wheel, so that both spin at the same time, permits the use of small amounts of force to (19) very heavy load. This wheel-and-axle principle is used in all weight-lifting devices, such as cranes, hoists, and elevators. For example, by pulling a rope wrapped around t
7、he rim of a wheel, a person can lift a massive object with only a (20) amount of effort.（分数：10.00）(1).A. with B. around C. by D. about（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. to B. on C. at D. in（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. fixed B. damaged C. invented D. overturned（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. which B. that C. and D. where（分数
8、：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. wagons B. stones C. sticks D. bones（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A. dates B. dating C. dated D. to date（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. axles B. wheels C. vehicles D. artwork（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A. measure B. observe C. arrange D. transport（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. to leave B. leaving C. left D. le
9、aves（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. their B. its C. them D. its（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. which B. that C. in which D. when（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. Creating B. To create C. Created D. To be creating（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A. First B. Therefore C. Finally D. Then（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. and B. or C. otherwise D
10、. nor（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. dug B. painted C. shaped D. baked（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. as such B. such as C. for example D. that is（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A. means B. ways C. matters D. uses（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A. machines B. jokes C. poems D. organizations（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. help B. increase C
11、. move D. drop（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. big B. small C. no D. large（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Reading comprehens(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The forest from which Man takes his timber is the tallest and most impressive plant community of Earth. In terms of Mans brief life it appears permanent
12、and unchanging, save for the seasonal growth and fall of the leaves, but to the forester it represents the climax of a long succession of events.No wooded landscape we see today has been forest for all time. Plants have minimum requirements of temperature and moisture and, in ages past, virtually ev
13、ery part of Earths surface has at some time been either too dry or too cold for plants to survive. However, as soon as climatic conditions change in favour of plant life, a fascinating sequence of changes occurs, called a primary succession.First to colonize the barren land are the lowly lichens, su
14、rviving on bare rock. Slowly, the acids produced by these organisms crack the rock surface, plant debris accumulates, and mosses establish a shallow root-hold. Ferns may follow and, with short grasses and shrubs, gradually form a covering of plant life. Roots probe even deeper into the developing so
15、il and eventually large shrubs give way to the first trees. These grow rapidly, cutting off sunlight from the smaller plants, and soon establish complete dominationclosing their ranks and forming a climax community which may endure for thousands of years.Yet even this community is not everlasting. F
16、ire may destroy it outright and settlers may cut it down to gain land for pasture or cultivation. If the land is then abandoned, a secondary succession will take over, developing much faster on the more hospitable soil. Shrubs and trees are among the early invaders, their seeds calmed by the wind, b
17、y birds and lodged in the coats of mammals.For as long as it stands and thrives, the forest is a vast machine storing energy and the many elements essential for life.（分数：10.00）(1).Why does the forest strike mankind as permanent?A. The trees are so tall.B. It is renewed each season.C. Our lives are s
18、hort in comparison.D. It is an essential part of our lives.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What has sometimes caused plants to die out in the past?A. Interference from forestersB. Variations in climateC. The absence of wooded landD. The introduction of new types of plants（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).In a “primary succ
19、ession“, what makes it possible for mosses to take root?A. The type of rockB. The amount of sunlightC. The amount of moistureD. The effect of lichens（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What conditions are needed for shrubs to become established?A. Ferns must take root.B. The ground must be covered with grass.C. Mo
20、re soil must accumulate.D. Smaller plants must die out.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Why is a “secondary succession“ quicker?A. The ground is more suitable.B. There is more space for new plants.C. Birds and animals bring new seeds.D. It is supported by the forest.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.四、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：10.00
21、)Opinion poll surveys show that the public see scientists in a rather unflattering light. They are seen as cold, humorless, remote and unwilling (or unable) to communicate their specialized knowledge to ordinary people.Commonly, the scientist is also seen as being male: the characteristics listed ab
22、ove are popularly associated with “maleness“. It is true that most scientists are male, but the picture of science as male activity may be a major reason why fewer girls than boys opt for science, except when it comes to biology, which is seen as “female“.The image most people have of science and sc
23、ientists comes from their own experience of school science, and from the mass media. Science teachers themselves see it as a problem that so many school pupils find school science and unsatisfying experience, though over the last few years more and more pupils, including girls, have opted for scienc
24、e subjects.In spite of excellent documentaries, and some good popular science magazines, scientific stories in the media still usually alternate between miracle and scientific threat. The popular stereotype of science is like the magic of fairy tales: it has potential for enormous good or awful hen.
25、 Popular fiction is full of “good“ scientists saving the world, and “mad“ scientists trying to destroy it.From all the many scientific stories which might be given media treatment, those which are chosen are usually those which can be framed in terms of the usual news angles: novelty, threat, confli
26、ct or the bizarre. The routine and often tedious work of the scientist slips from view, to be replaced with a picture of scientists forever offending public moral sensibilities (as in embryo research), threatening public health (as in weapons research), or fighting it out with each other (in giving
27、evidence at public enquiries such as those held on the issues connected with nuclear power).The mass media also tend to over-personalize scientific work, depicting it as the product of individual genius, while neglecting the social organization which makes scientific work possible. A further effect
28、of this is that science comes to be seen as a thing in itself: a kind of unpredictable force; a tide of scientific progress.It is no such thing, of course. Science is what scientists do; what they do is what a particular kind of society facilitates, and what is done with their work depends very much
29、 on who has the power to turn their discoveries into technology, and what their interests are.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, ordinary people have a poor opinion of science and scientists because _.A. opinion polls are unflatteringB. science is badly taught in schoolsC. scientists are shown
30、negatively in the mediaD. science is considered to be dangerous（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Fewer girls than boys study science because _.A. they think that science is too difficultB. science is seen as a mans jobC. they are often unsuccessful in science at schoolD. science teachers do not encourage girls（分
31、数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Media treatment of science tends to concentrate on _.A. the routine, everyday work of scientistsB. discoveries that the public will understandC. the satisfactions of scientific workD. the more sensational aspects of science（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the author, scientific w
32、ork is stimulated by _.A. ambitionB. social demandsC. technological problemsD. internal pressures（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The author believes that the popular view of science is _.A. accurateB. well-informedC. biasedD. over-optimistic（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：10.00)There can be few who w
33、ould knowingly eon done waste, whether of energy, of manpower or of financial assets. So why does our educational system make so little provision for those who, given the opportunity, could best help society achieve its objectives and expand its horizons?Support programmes have long been established
34、 for children with learning difficulties and under-achievers. People argue that the resources are inadequate to meet the existing need and that greater efforts must be made, but at least the problem is being faced.At the opposite end of the ability scale is a group of children which one would logica
35、lly expect to offer the greatest challenge and yield the greatest rewards, both for the children themselves and for society as a whole. Sadly, special provisions in this area are few and far between.Regional and district child guidance departments are all too conscious of the fact that some 2 per ce
36、nt of the school population falls within the “gifted“ category. Many have ready prepared lists of children in their areas who have high ability, in the hope of a positive programme of action being initiated at national or regional level. Lack of funds cannot be held wholly responsible for the seemin
37、g indifference to the problem.People think a “gifted“ child has enough good fortune to be gifted and needs no further help. But such children are not always the happy and fulfilled young people one might expect. Classmates derision, mental boredom and frustration are not easy to live with, at best c
38、reating apathy and resignation, at worst invoking a rebellious response in the form of anti-social behaviour.Potential ability does not blossom without help and encouragement. All great artists and nusieians have needed to be taught the techniques of their craft and to explore the work of others, be
39、fore embarking on their own creations. It has been said that a masterpiece is made up of 10 per cent genius and 90 per cent hard work. The power of concentration of these children and their capacity for work is extremely high and their thirst for wider experience apparently insatiable. With judiciou
40、s handling they can produce amazing results in a short period of time.It is said that many children of high intelligence do not allow themselves to be “discovered“ for fear of becoming an outcast. Rather than risk losing their friends because of their high ability, they often conceal their potential
41、 talents.（分数：10.00）(1).The author suggests that our education system _.A. spends money extravagantlyB. encourages children to expand their horizonsC. spends enough money on unusual childrenD. neglects the needs of gifted children（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the author, children with learning di
42、fficulties _.A. are given more help than gifted childrenB. have too much money spent on themC. must face up to their problemsD. deserve more support than other children（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Child guidance departments in some areas _.A. are already helping gifted childrenB. are aware of the needs of g
43、ifted childrenC. have a high proportion of gifted childrenD. want gifted children to be dealt with by central government（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).If gifted children are unhappy, they may _.A. reject further helpB. turn against their friendsC. start to misbehaveD. refuse to attend school（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(
44、5).What is needed to bring out the best in gifted children?A. A peaceful environment.B. Stimulating teaching.C. A knowledge of art and music.D. Strict discipline.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Passage Four(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Just over 10 years ago, Ingmar Bergman announced that the widely acclaimed Fanny and Alexan
45、der would mark his last hurrah as a filmmaker. Although some critics has written him off as earnest but ponderous, others were saddened by the departure of an artist who had explored cinematic moodsfrom high tragedy to low comedyduring his four-decade career.What nobody foresaw was that Bergman woul
46、d find a variety of ways to circumvent his own retirementdirecting television movies, staging theater productions, and writing screenplays for other filmmakers to direct. His latest enterprise as a screenwriter, Sundays Children, completes a trilogy of family-oriented movies that began with Fanny an
47、d Alexander and continued with The Best Intensions written by Bergman and directed by Danish Fihnmaker Bille August.Besides dealing with members of Bergmans family in bygone timesit begins a few years after The Best Intentions leaves offthe new picture was directed by Daniel Bergman, his youngest so
48、n. Although it lacks the urgency and originality of the elder Bergmans greatest achievements, such as The Silence and Persona, it has enough visual and emotional interest to make a worthy addition to his body of work.Set in rural Sweden during the last 1920s, the story centers on a young boy named P
49、u, clearly modeled on Ingmar Bergman himself. Pus father is a country clergymen whose duties include traveling to the capital and ministering to the royal family. While this is an enviable position, it doesnt assuage problems in the pastors marriage. Pu is young enough to be fairly oblivious to such difficulties, but his awareness grows with the passage of time. So do the subtle tensions that mar Pus own relationship with his father, whose desire to show affection and compassion is hampered by a certain stillness in his dem
