1、考博英语-640 及答案解析(总分：75.52，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Vocabulary(总题数：11，分数：19.50)1.The candidate has complied with all the requirements set by the university; this institution, therefore awards her the degree of Master of Arts.A. permits B. grants C. reward D. forwards（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2.Trade relationships betw
2、een the two countries will improve if their _ leaders could agree on the proposed quotas.A. respectable B. respective C. respectful D. respecting（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.3.Military orders are _ and cannot be disobeyed.A defective B conservative C alternative D imperative（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.4.Tom could hardly_h
3、is excitement as he knew that he had made a real dis covery.A. conceal B. reveal C. show D. discover（分数：1.00）_5.He has courage all right, but in matters requiring judgment, he has often been found sadly_.A. lack it B. absent C. in need of it D. wanting（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.6.Cosmic rays of various kinds
4、come through the air from outer space, but enormous quantities of radiation from the sun are _ off.A. avoided B. excluded C. screened D.separated（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.7.I asked my mother if I could go out, and she _. A. descended B. contented C. consented D. ascended（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.8.There is only one d
5、ifference between an old man and a young one. the young one has a glorious future before him and the old one has a_future behind him.A. splendid B. conspicuous C. uproarious D. imminent（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.This large city does almost no manufacturing and very little wholesale trade. Yet without the impo
6、rtant service (1) provides, business everywhere would quickly grind to a (2) . Chaos would reign in all other leading cities. As you have guessed, the “product“ we are talking about is government, and the city is the (3) of the United States, Washington, D. C. One out of every two persons (4) in the
7、 city works for the federal government.Washington has many (5) . It leads the nation in level of education achieved by its residents. More than fifteen percent of its adults have had four years or more of college. (6) scientists can be found here than in any other city. Since larger incomes are earn
8、ed by (7) people, Washington has the highest median income of any city.Information is the vital force of the city. The Library of Congress (8) the largest and most comprehensive warehouse of information in the world. It contains 74 million items on hundreds of miles of (9) . In addition to books, th
9、ese (10) include manuscripts, maps, photographs and documents. Papers of the Presidents all the way back to Washington are found here. The library is (11) to the public. It is considered by (12) to be one of the finest in the world. These people study the documents found in libraries.Washington has
10、many important governmental buildings and historic shrines. (13) include the Capitol building, the White House, the Supreme Court, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Washington Monument. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing is (14) located here. This agency is responsible (15) putting new paper money int
11、o circulation. Tens of millions of dollars in money is (16) here every day.Unlike most cities, which grow in jumbled masses, Washington was planned on paper (17) any of its buildings were erected. The planners incorporated broad open areas around the historic landmarks and buildings. As a result the
12、 city is (18) . The central part of the city (19) a huge green park with broad, tree-lined boulevards and splendid (20) of its great structures.（分数：10.00）(1).A. that B. whichC. it D. they（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. halt B. pointC. place D. trade（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. city B. capitalC. edge D. margin（分数
13、：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. workedB. studiedC. talkedD. employed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. distinctions B. problemsC. sights D. hotels（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A. Good B. LessC. More D. Many（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. poor B. richC. tall D. trained（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A. pilesB. housesC. schoolsD. educates（分数：0.50）A.B
14、.C.D.(9).A. shelves B. roadsC. trails D. tracks（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. projectsB. plansC. itemsD. schemes（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. close B. shutC. locked D. open（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. workers B. scholarsC. artists D. players（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A. These B. ThisC. All D. Those（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14)
15、.A. either B. tooC. also D. so（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. of B. byC. from D. for（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. spent B. printedC. stolen D. saved（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A. before B. afterC. if D. when（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A. safeB. dirtyC. clearD. dangerous（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. looks B. resemblesC. takes D.
16、 assumes（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. space B. positionsC. money D. views（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.9.Monkeys are excellent climbers, and most are_ tree dwellers.A. often B. primarily C. rarely D. savagely（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.10.If the additives are _, the University of California researchers recommended caution in ap
17、proving any alternatives.A postponed up B phased upC phrased up D phased out（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Gene therapy and gene-based drugs are two ways we could benefit from our growing mastery of genetic science. But there will be others as well. H
18、ere is one of the remarkable therapies on the cutting edge of genetic research that could make their way into mainstream medicine in the coming years.While its true that just about every cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and w
19、ith good reason: the last thing you want for your brain cells is to start churning out stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when so-called stem cells havent begun to specialize.
20、Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells-brain cells in Alzheimers, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few. If doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able
21、 to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue.It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stem ceils and get them to grow into neural, gut, muscle and bone cells. The process still cant be controlled, and may have unforeseen limitati
22、ons; but if efforts to understand and master stem-cell development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power.The same applies to cloning, which is really just the other side of the coin; true cloning, as first shown with the sheep Dolly two years ago, involves taking
23、 a developed cell and reactivating the genome within, resetting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated cell can develop into a full-fledged animal, genetically identical to its parent.For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristics like milk
24、production in a cow or low fat in a hog have real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows what Ian Wilmut did for Dolly, and other creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming year.Human c
25、loning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells., the potential to make hea
26、lthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease. That could prove to be a true “miracle cure./（分数：5.00）(1).The writer holds that the potential to make healthy body tissues will _.A. aggravate moral issues of human cloningB. bring great benefits to human beingsC. help scientists decode body
27、instructionsD. involve employing surgical instruments（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The word “rejuvenated“ (Para. 5 ) most probably means _.A. modified B. re-collected C. classified D. reactivated（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The research at the University of Wisconsin is mentioned to show _.A. the isolation of stem c
28、ells B. the effects of gene therapiesC. the advantages of human cloning D. the limitations of tissue replacements（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following is true according to the text?A. The principle of gene therapy is applicable to that of cloning.B. The isolation of stem ceils is too difficult
29、 to be feasible.C. It is reasonable for all body instructions to be activated.D. Cloned animals will eventually take control of the world.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Towards the genetic research, the authors attitude can best be said to be that of _.A. frustration B. indifference C. amazement D. opposition
30、（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.四、Passage Two(总题数：2，分数：12.00)The vegetative forms of most bacteria axe killed by drying in air, although the different species exhibit pronounced differences in their resistance. The tubercle bacillus is one of the more resistant, and vibrio cholcra is one of the more sensitive to d
31、rying In general, the encapsulated organisms are more resistant than the non-encapsulated forms. Spores are quite resistant to drying; the spores of the anthrax bacillus, for example, will germinate alter remaining in a dry condition for years or more. The resistance of the pathogenic forms causing
32、disease of the upper respiratory tract is of particular interest in connection with airborne infection, for the length of time that a droplet remains infective is a result, primarily, of the resistance of the particular microorganism to drying.（分数：5.00）(1).Tuberculosis is highly infectious because _
33、.A. spores are resistant to dryingB. the causative organism is encapsulatedC. droplets of sputum remain infective for a long time due to the resistance of the organisms to dryingD. none of these（分数：1.25）A.B.C.D.(2).The passage uses the term “vegetative forms“ to refer to _.A. Plants that infest huma
34、n habitationsB. the fact that bacteria are really vegetablesC. the growing stage of the bacteria as opposed to the dormant stageD. the difficulty in classifying the types of bacteria（分数：1.25）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the passage, the risk of infection from airborne microorganisms would likely be grea
35、ter during a _.A. heat waveB. time of high humidityC. windless periodD. shortage of fuel oil（分数：1.25）A.B.C.D.(4).It may be inferred from the passage that _.A. bacteria can be most easily killed by removal of moistureB. drying out a house will eliminate the risk of airborne infectionC. hot-air heatin
36、g is better than steam heating because steam heating uses waterD. none of the above（分数：1.25）A.B.C.D.If income is transferred from rich persons to poor persons the proportion in which different sorts of goods and services are provided will be changed. Expensive luxuries will give place to more necess
37、ary articles, rare wines to meat and bread, new machines and factories to clothes and improved small dwellings; and there will be other changes of a like sort. In view of this fact, it is inexact to speak of a change in the distribution of the dividend in favor of, or adverse to, the poor. There is
38、not a single definitely constituted heap of things coming into being each year and distributed now in one way, now in another. In fact, there is no such thing as the dividend from the point of view of both of two years, and therefore, there can be no such thing as a change in its distribution.This,
39、however, is a point of words rather than of substance. What I mean when I say that the distribution of the dividend has changed in favor of the poor is that, the general productive power of the community being given, poor people are getting more of the things they want at the expense of rich people
40、get ting less of the things they want. It might be thought at first sight that the only way in which this could happen would be through a transference of purchasing power from the rich to the poor. That, however, is not so. It is possible for the poor to be advantaged and the rich damaged, even thou
41、gh the quantity of purchasing power, i.e. of command over productive resources, held by both groups remains unaltered. This might happen if the technical methods of producing something predominatingly consumed by the poor were improved and at the same time those of producing something predominatingl
42、y consumed by tile rich were worsened, and if the net result was to leave the size of the national dividend as defined in Chapter V. unchanged. It might also happen if, by a system of rationing or some other device, the rich were forced to transfer their demand away from things which are important t
43、o the poor and which are produced under such conditions that diminished demand leads to lowered prices. Per contraand this point will be seen in Part . To be very important practicallythe share, both proportionate and absolute of command over the countrys productive resources held by the poor may be
44、 increased, and yet, if the process by which they acquire this greater share involves an increase in the cost of things that play a large part in their own consumption, they may not really gain. Thus a change in distribution favorable to the poor may be brought about otherwise than by a transference
45、 of purchasing power, or command over productive resources, to them, and it does not mean a transference of these things to them. None the less, this sort of transference is the most important, and may be regarded as the typical, means by which changes in distribution favorable to the poor come abou
46、t.（分数：7.02）(1).The method in which the writer believes is most effective for the poor benefiting from the rich is _.A. amassing all products from the last two years and reallocating themB. ensuring the majority of products available are more useful to the poorC. offering low priced stock that the po
47、or could affordD. by limiting the buying of the rich（分数：1.17）A.B.C.D.(2).Why does the author use the term “the dividend“ even though he has acknowledged that in fact it does not exist?A. He is attempting to describe a transmittal circumstance.B. He is articulating a metaphysical theory.C. He is clar
48、ifying a situation.D. He is devising an econometric formula.（分数：1.17）A.B.C.D.(3).Does the author believe that transference of purchasing power is effective in benefiting the poor?A. No, he believes evenly distributing all resources is best.B. No, he believes rationing of the rich is eminent.C. Yes,
49、he believes it is possible to limit the rich and make products for the poor more accessible.D. Yes, distribution is influenced by transference and as a result the poor prosper.（分数：1.17）A.B.C.D.(4).Does the writer truly believe that the poor actually could be more privileged than the rich?A. Yes, as long as the factories capacities manufacture items for the poor are increased.B. No, this
