1、考博英语-81 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The Supreme Court“s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitu
2、tional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect“, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseenis permissible if the actor intends only the good
3、 effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients“ pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield do
4、ctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.“ George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitima
5、te medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It“s like surgery,“ he says, “We don“t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn“t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you“re a physician, you can ri
6、sk your patient“s suicide as long as you don“t intend their suicide.“ On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks be
7、fore the Court“s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life . It identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may pr
8、olong and even dishonor the period of dying“ as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of l
9、ife. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,“ to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient
10、 abuse“. He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension“.（分数：20.00）(1).From the first three paragraphs, we learn that _.（分数：4.00）A.doctors used to increase drug dosages to control
11、their patients“ painB.it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their livesC.the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicideD.patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide(2).Which of the following statements its true according to the text?（分数：4.00）A.Doctors will
12、be held guilty if they risk their patients“ death.B.Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.C.The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.D.A doctor“s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.(3).According to the NAS“s rep
13、ort, one of the problems in end-of-life care is _.（分数：4.00）A.prolonged medical proceduresB.inadequate treatment of painC.systematic drug abuseD.insufficient hospital care(4).Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive“ (Line 3, Para. 7)?（分数：4.00）A.Bold.B.Harmful.C.Careless.D.Desperate.(
14、5).George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they _.（分数：4.00）A.manage their patients incompetentlyB.give patients more medicine than neededC.reduce drug dosages for their patientsD.prolong the needless suffering of the patients三、Test 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Specialization can be
15、seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related develo
16、pments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur“ does carry a connot
17、ation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur p
18、articipation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. A comparison of British geological publications over the last centur
19、y and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth cent
20、ury, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological
21、journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals h
22、ave now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to
23、come together nationally in a different way. Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth
24、century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.（分数：20.00）(1).The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _.（分数：5.00）A.sociology and chemistryB.physics and psychologyC.sociology and psychologyD.physics and
25、 chemistry(2).We can infer from the passage that _.（分数：5.00）A.there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisationB.amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of scienceC.professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific communityD.amateurs have national aca
26、demic societies but no local ones(3).The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _.（分数：5.00）A.the process of specialization and professionalisationB.the hardship of amateurs in scientific studyC.the change of policies in scientific publicationsD.the discrimination of professionals
27、 against amateurs(4).The direct reason for specialization is _.（分数：5.00）A.the development in communicationB.the growth of professionalisationC.the expansion of scientific knowledgeD.the splitting up of academic societies四、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-
28、called digital dividethe division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital div
29、ide. There are reasons to be optimistic. There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize accessafter all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. Mo
30、re and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And tha
31、t is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we“ve ever had. Of course, the use of the Interact isn“t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential. To take advantage of thi
32、s tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of
33、a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn“t have the capital to do so. And that is why America“s Second Wave infrastructureincluding roads, harbors, highways, ports and so onwere built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the D
34、utch and the French were investing in Britain“s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you buil
35、d your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you“re going to be. That doesn“t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and tele
36、com infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.（分数：20.00）(1).Digital divide is something _.（分数：5.00）A.getting worse because of the InternetB.the rich countries are responsible forC.the world must guard againstD.considered positive today(2).Governments attach importance to the Inte
37、rnet because it _.（分数：5.00）A.offers economic potentialsB.can bring foreign fundsC.can soon wipe out world povertyD.connects people all over the world(3).The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _.（分数：5.00）A.providing financial support overseasB.preventing foreign c
38、apital“s controlC.building industrial infrastructureD.accepting foreign investment(4).It seems that now a country“s economy depends much on _.（分数：5.00）A.how well developed it is electronicallyB.whether it is prejudiced against immigrantsC.whether it adopts America“s industrial patternD.how much cont
39、rol it has over foreign corporations五、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is Wing to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility
40、project. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. But the sources of distrust go Way deeper. Most journalists lea
41、rn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day“s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news. There exists a social and
42、cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates“ of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then resi
43、dents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions. Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they“re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or p
44、ut down roots in a community. Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn“t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of wor
45、ld views between reporters and their readers. This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to
46、wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for repo
47、rters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.（分数：20.00）(1).What is the passage mainly about?（分数：5.00）A.Needs of the readers all over the world.B.Causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.C.Origins of the declining newspaper industry.D.Aims of a journalism credibility
48、project.(2).The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be _.（分数：5.00）A.quite trustworthyB.somewhat contradictoryC.very illuminatingD.rather superficial(3).The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their _.（分数：5.00）A.working attitudeB.conventional life
49、styleC.world outlookD.educational background(4).Despite its efforts, he newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its _.（分数：5.00）A.failure to realize its real problemB.tendency to hire annoying reportersC.likeliness to do inaccurate reportingD.prejudice in matters of race and gender六、Text 5(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions never witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed mig
