1、考博英语-82 (1)及答案解析(总分：109.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Reading (总题数：4，分数：20.00)BDirections:/B There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and
2、 mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.To broaden their voting appeal in the Presidential election of 1796, the Federalists selected Thomas Pinckney, a leading South Carolinian, as running mate for the New Englander John Adams. But Pinckneys Sout
3、hern friends chose to ignore their partys intentions and regarded Pinckney as a Presidential candidate, creating a political situation that Alexander Hamilton was determined to exploit. Hamilton had long been wary of Adams stubbornly independent brand of politics and preferred to see his running mat
4、e, over whom he could exert more control, in the Presidents chair.The election was held under the system originally established by the Constitution. At that time there was but a single tally, with the candidate receiving the largest number of electoral votes declared President and the candidate with
5、 the second largest number declared Vice President. Hamilton anticipated that all the Federalists in the North would vote for Adams and Pinckney equally in an attempt to ensure that Jefferson would not be either first or second in the voting. Pinckney would be solidly supported in the South while Ad
6、ams would not. Hamilton concluded if it were possible to divert a few electoral votes from Adams to Pinckney, Pinckney would receive more than Adams, yet both Federalists would outpoll Jefferson.Various methods were used to persuade the electors to vote as Hamilton wished. In the press, anonymous ar
7、ticles were published attacking Adams for his monarchial tendencies and Jefferson for being overly democratic, while pushing Pinckney as the only suitable candidate. In private correspondence with state party leaders the Hamiltonians encouraged the idea that Adams popularity was slipping, that he co
8、uld not win the election, and that the Federalists could defeat Jefferson only by supporting Pinckney.Had sectional pride and loyalty not run as high in New England as in the deep South, Pinckney might well have become Washingtons successor. New Englanders, however, realized that equal votes for Ada
9、ms and Pinckney in their states would defeat Adams; therefore, eighteen electors scratched Pinckneys name from their ballots and deliberately threw away their second votes to men who were not even running. It was fortunate for Adams that they did, for the electors from South Carolina completely aban
10、doned him, giving eight votes to Pinckney and eight to Jefferson.In the end, Hamiltons interference in Pinckneys candidacy lost even the Vice-Presidency of South Carolina. Without New Englands support, Pinckney received only 59 electoral votes, finishing third to Adams and Jefferson. He might have b
11、een President in 1797, or as Vice President a serious contender for the Presidency in 1800; instead, stigmatized by a plot he had not devised, he served a brief term in the United States Senate and then dropped from sight as a national influence.（分数：5.00）(1).The main purpose of the passage is to _.（
12、分数：1.00）A.propose reforms of the procedures for electing the President and Vice-PresidentB.condemn Alexander Hamilton for interfering in the election of 1796C.describe the political events that lead to John Adams victory in the 1796 Presidential electionD.contrast the political philosophy of the Fed
13、eralists to that of Thomas Jefferson(2).According to the passage, which of the following was true of the Presidential election of 1796?（分数：1.00）A.Thomas Jefferson received more electoral votes than did Thomas Pinckney.B.John Adams received strong support from the electors of South Carolina.C.Alexand
14、er Hamilton received most of the electoral votes of New England.D.Thomas Pinckney was selected by Federalist party leaders to be the partys Presidential candidate.(3).The overall development of the passage can best be described as _.（分数：1.00）A.refuting possible explanations for certain phenomenaB.do
15、cumenting a thesis with specific examplesC.offering an explanation of a series of eventsD.making particular proposals to solve a problem(4).It can be inferred that had South Carolina not east any electoral votes for Jefferson, the outcome of the 1796 election would have been a _.（分数：1.00）A.larger ma
16、rgin of victory for John AdamsB.victory for Thomas JeffersonC.Federalist defeat in the SenateD.victory for Thomas Pinckney(5).The electors who scratched Pinckneys name from their ballots behaved most like which of the following people?（分数：1.00）A.A newspaper publisher who adds a special section to th
17、e Sunday edition to review the weeks political events.B.A member of the clergy who encourages members of other faiths to meet to discuss solutions to the communitys problems.C.An artist who saves preliminary sketches of an important work even after the work is finally completed.D.A general who order
18、s his retreating troops to destroy supplies they must leave behind so they cannot be used by the enemy.The liberal view of democratic citizenship that developed in the 17th and 18th centuries was fundamentally different from that of the classical Greeks. The pursuit of private interests with as litt
19、le interference as possible from government was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligations and involvement in the collective community that were emphasized by the Greeks. Freedom was to be realized by limiting the scope of governmental activity and political
20、obligation and not through immersion in the collective life of the polis. The basic role of the citizen was to select governmental leaders and keep the powers and scope of public authority in check. On the liberal view, the. rights of citizens against the state were the focus of special emphasis.Ove
21、r time, the liberal democratic notion of citizenship developed in two directions. First, there was a movement to increase the proportion of members of society who were eligible to participate as citizens-especially through extending the right of suffrage-and to ensure the basic political equality of
22、 all. Second, there was a broadening of the legitimate activities of government and a use of governmental power to redress imbalances in social and economic life. Political citizenship became an instrument through which groups and classes with sufficient numbers of votes could use the state power to
23、 enhance their social and economic well-being.Within the general liberal view of democratic citizenship, tensions have developed over the degree to which government can and should be used as an instrument for promoting happiness and well-being. Political philosopher Martin Diamond has categorized tw
24、o views of democracy as follows. On the one hand, there is the “libertarian“ perspective that stresses the private pursuit of happiness and emphasizes the necessity for restraint on government and protection of individual liberties. On the other hand, there is the “majoritarian“ view that emphasizes
25、 the “task of the government to uplift and aid the common man against the malefactors of great wealth.“ The tensions between these two views are very evident today. Taxpayer revolts and calls for smaller government and less government regulation clash with demands for greater government involvement
26、in the economic marketplace and the social sphere.（分数：5.00）(1).The authors primary purpose is to _.（分数：1.00）A.study ancient concepts of citizenshipB.contrast different notions of citizenshipC.criticize modern libertarian democracyD.describe the importance of universal suffrage(2).It can be inferred
27、from the passage that the Greek word polis means _.（分数：1.00）A.family lifeB.military serviceC.marriageD.political community(3).The author cites Martin Diamond in paragraph 3 because the author _.（分数：1.00）A.regards Martin Diamond as an authority on political philosophyB.wishes to refute Martin Diamond
28、s views on citizenshipC.needs a definition of the term “citizenship“D.is unfamiliar with the distinction between libertarian and majoritarian concepts of democracy(4).According to the passage, all of the following are characteristics of the liberal idea of government that would distinguish the liber
29、al idea of government from the Greek idea of government EXCEPT _.（分数：1.00）A.the emphasis on the rights of private citizensB.the activities government may legitimately pursueC.the obligation of citizens to participate in governmentD.the size of the geographical area controlled by a government(5).A ma
30、joritarian would be most likely to favor legislation that would _.（分数：1.00）A.eliminate all restrictions on individual libertyB.cut spending for social welfare programsC.provide greater protection for consumersD.lower taxes on the wealthy and raise taxes on the average workerThe Aleuts, residing on s
31、everal islands of the Aleutian Chain, the Pribilof islands, and the Alaskan Peninsula, have possessed a written language since 1825, when the Russian missionary Ivan Veniaminov selected appropriate characters of the Cyrillic alphabet to represent Aleut speech sounds, recorded the main body of Aleut
32、vocabulary, and formulated grammatical rules. The Czarist Russian conquest of the proud, independent sea hunters was so devastatingly thorough that tribal traditions, even tribal memories, were almost obliterated. The slaughter of the majority of an adult generation was sufficient to destroy the con
33、tinuity of tribal knowledge, which was dependent upon oral transmission. As a consequence, the Aleuts developed a fanatical devotion to their language as their only cultural heritage.The Russian occupation placed a heavy linguistic burden on the Aleuts. Not only were they compelled to learn Russian
34、to converse with their overseers and governors, but they had to learn Old Slavonic to take an active part in church services as well as to master the skill of reading and writing their own tongue. In 1867, when the United States purchased Alaska, the Aleuts were unable to break sharply with their im
35、mediate past and substitute English for any one of their three languages.To communicants of the Russian Orthodox Church a knowledge of Slavonic remained vital, as did Russian, the language in which one conversed with the clergy. The Aleuts came to regard English education as a device to wean them fr
36、om their religious faith. The introduction of compulsory English schooling caused a minor renascence of Russian culture as the Aleut parents sought to counteract the influence of the schoolroom. The harsh life of the Russian colonial rule began to appear more happy and beautiful in retrospect.Regula
37、tions forbidding instruction in any language other than English increased its unpopularity, The superficial alphabetical resemblance of Russian and Aleut linked the two tongues so closely that every restriction against teaching Russian was interpreted as an attempt to eradicate the Aleut tongue. Fro
38、m the wording of many regulations, it appears that American administrators often had not the slightest idea that the Aleuts were clandestinely reading and writhing their own tongue or even had a written language of their own. To too many officials, anything in Cyrillic letters was Russian and someth
39、ing to be stamped out. Bitterness bred by abuses and the exploitations the Aleuts suffered from predatory American traders and adventurers kept alive the Aleut resentment against the language spoken by Americans.Gradually, despite the failure to emancipate the Aleuts from a sterile past by relating
40、the Aleut and English languages more closely, the passage of years has assuaged the bitter misunderstandings and caused an orientation away from Russian toward English as their second language, but Aleut continues to be the language that molds their thought and expression.（分数：5.00）(1).The author is
41、primarily concerned with describing _.（分数：1.00）A.the Aleuts loyalty to their language and American failure to understand itB.Russian and United States treatment of Alaskan inhabitants both before and after 1867C.how the Czarist Russian occupation of Alaska created a written language for the AleutsD.
42、United States government attempts to persuade the Aleuts to use English as a second language(2).According to the passage, which of the following was the most important reason for the Aleuts devotion to their language?（分数：1.00）A.Invention of a written version of their language.B.Introduction of Old S
43、lavonic for worship.C.Disruption of oral transmission of tribal knowledge.D.Institution of compulsory English education.(3).The passage is developed primarily by _.（分数：1.00）A.testing the evidence supporting a theoryB.describing causes and effects of eventsC.weighing the pros and cons of a planD.proj
44、ecting the future consequences of a decision(4).Which of the following statements about the religious beliefs of the Aleuts can be inferred from the passage?（分数：1.00）A.Prior to the Russian occupation they had no religious beliefs.B.American traders and adventurers forced them to abandon all religiou
45、s beliefs.C.At no time in their history have the Aleuts had an organized religion.D.The Russians forced Aleuts to become members of the Russian Orthodox Church.(5).Distributing which of the following publications would be most likely to encourage Aleuts to make more use of English?（分数：1.00）A.Russian
46、 translations of English novels.B.English translation of Russian novels.C.An English-Russian bilingual text devoted to important aspects of Aleutian culture.D.An Aleut-English bilingual text devoted to important aspects of Aleutian culture.Two techniques have recently been developed to simplify rese
47、arch and reduce the number of nonhuman primates needed in studies of certain complex hormonal reactions. One technique involves the culturing of primate pituitary cells and the cells of certain human turnouts. In the other, animal oviduct tissue is transplanted under the skin of laboratory primates.
48、 Both culturing techniques complement existing methods of studying intact animals.With an in vitro culturing technique, researchers are deciphering how biochemical agents regulate the secretion of prolactin, the pituitary hormone that promotes milk production. The cultured cells survive for as long
49、as a month, and they do not require serum, a commonly used culture ingredient that can influence cellular function and confound study results. One primate pituitary gland may yield enough cells for as many as 72 culture dishes, which otherwise would require as many animals.The other technique allows scientists to monitor cellular differentiation in the reproductive tracts of female monkeys. While falling short of the long-sought goal of developing an in vitro model of the female reproductive system, the next-
