1、考博英语-83 (1)及答案解析(总分：121.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：20.00)There are four reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are .four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your a
2、nswer on the AN- SWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.1Distance education is enrollment and study with an educational institution that pro vides lesson materials prepared in a sequential and logical order for study by students on their own. When each lesson is completed,
3、 the student mails or transmits the assigned work to the institution for correction, grading, comment, and subject matter guidance by qualified instructors. Corrected assignments are returned promptly to the student. This ex change provides a personalized student-teacher relationship. If a student s
4、lows his or her pace or fails to send assignments, the school provides encouragement. Although some in stitutions provide employment placement information and assistance, no reputable school ever guarantees a job to graduates.Distance education and self-study are different. Self-study materials prov
5、ide no instruc tional service. Corrected assignments, examinations, and special help provided by a quali fied facility are vital to a good learning situation. However, these are not part of self-study. There are many self-study courses and recordings available, and they may have value, but they clea
6、rly are not correspondence or distance education courses. Some institutions offer combi nation courses that provide training-in-residence for students who complete their distance education lessons. In-service or on-the-job training is required or provided with other courses and is a feature of many
7、vocational distance education programs.Quality distance education institutions screen prospective students to assure that only those who can benefit from the courses are enrolled. While there are educational prerequi sites for some academic subjects, interest and aptitude are the primary factors lea
8、ding to success in most distance education courses. Because they provide alternative educational opportunities, distance education institutions try not to deny a prospective student the opportunity to succeed in a course; interest and experience are good indicators of future SUCCESS.Distance educati
9、on courses vary greatly in scope, level, and length. Some have few lessons and require only weeks to complete, while others have a hundred or more assign ments requiring three or four years of conscientious study. Also, a wide variety of subjects is offered. Subjects include yacht design, accounting
10、, medical transcription, nutrition, robotics, travel agent training, gun-repair, gem identification, computer programming, catering and cooking, and earning an entire high school diploma, just to name a few.There is an increasing recognition of “distance education“ and many colleges offer credit for
11、 their distance learning courses or accept some distance education credits of resi dent students working toward a degree. In fact, many distance education institutions award their own academic degrees. Acceptance of students and awarding of academic credit is the prerogative of the receiving academi
12、c institution. Also, the employing organization may set its own credit acceptance policies.（分数：5.00）(1).Which of the following questions does the passage seek to answer? A. Why is distance education important to the modern society? B. What is distance education? C. How does distance education differ
13、 from self-study? D. How is distance education different from college education?（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following is true of distance education? A. The majority of the students fail to pass its examinations. B. Personal tutors are assigned to students to offer regular help. C. Teachers and
14、 students communicate through correspondence. D. The courses are set up to suit the pace of each individual student.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Distance education is different from self-study in that it_. A. provides training-residence for students B. caters to the interest of each individual student C. is
15、 available to vast majority of students D. offers instructional service to students（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In the third paragraph, the word “prospective“ probably means_. A. intelligent 13. future C. successful D. hardworking（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It is implied in the passage that students of distance ed
16、ucation_. A. enjoy greater freedom in choosing the subjects to study B. do not have to meet any enrolling requirement at all C. take longer to complete their study than college students D. can usually enter college to work toward a degree（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2Researchers have studied the poor as individ
17、uals, as families and households, as members of poor communities, neighborhoods and regions, as products of larger poverty creating structures. They have been analyzed as victims of crime and criminals, as mem bers of minority cultures, as passive consumers of mass culture and active producers of a
18、“counterculture“, as an economic burden and as a reserve army of laborto mention just some of the preoccupations of poverty research.The elites, who occupy the small upper stratum within the category of the non-poor, and their functions in the emergence and reproduction of poverty are as interesting
19、 and im portant an object for poverty research as the poor themselves. The elites have images of the poor and of poverty which shape their decisions and actions. So far, little is known about those images, except as they are sketchily portrayed in popular stereotypes. The elites may well ignore or d
20、eny the external effects of their own actions (and omissions) upon the liv ing conditions of the poor. Many social scientists may take a very different view. As poverty emerged and was reproduced, legal frameworks were created to contain the problems it caused with profound, and largely unknown, con
21、sequences for the poor themselves. In general, political, educational and social institutions tend to ignore or even damage the in terests of the poor. In constructing a physical infrastructure for transport, industry, trade and tourism, the settlements of the poor are often the first to suffer or t
22、o be left standing and exposed to pollution, noise and crowding.Most important are the economic functions of poverty, as for lack of other options the poor are forced to perform activities considered degrading or unclean. The poor are more likely to buy second-hand goods and leftover foodstuffs, thu
23、s prolonging their economic utility. They are likely to use the services of low-quality doctors, teachers and lawyers whom the non poor shy away from. Poverty and the poor serve an important symbolic func- tion, in reminding citizens of the lot that may befall those who do not heed the values of thr
24、ift, diligence and cleanliness, and of the constant threat that the rough, the immoral and the violent represent for the rest of society.Physically, the poor and the non-poor are kept apart, through differential land use and ghettoization. Socially, they are separated through differential participat
25、ion in the labor market, the consumption economy, and in political, social and cultural institutions. Conceptually, they are divided through stereotyping and media cliche. This separation is even more pronounced between the elites and the poor.（分数：5.00）(1).According to the author, studying the elite
26、s also sheds light on poverty research be cause_. A. they are also members of the same society as the poor B. they play an important role in creating and reproducing poverty C. solution of the poverty problem is at their mercy D. they know the living conditions of the poor better than other groups（分
27、数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).While social scientists are devoting much of their effort to poverty research,_. A. not enough legal frameworks have been created to relieve the condition of the poor B. they have done little to actually provide relief programs for the poor C. they ignore the role of the elites as
28、 an object for poverty research D. the poor people themselves do not much appreciate such effort（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).In the eyes of the society,_. A. the poor tend to symbolize what lazy and evil people turn out to he B. the poor are not worthy of the sympathy the society shows them C. economic prej
29、udice is more of an obstacle to the solution of poverty D. the non-poor should show more sympathy for the poor（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The word “pronounced“ in the last sentence of the passage probably means_. A. sympathetic B. conspicuous C. identifiable D. unbridgeable（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).In the passa
30、ge, the author is mainly concerned with_. A. analyzing a problem B. providing a solution C. defining a situation D. outlining a proposal（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.3Industrial production managers coordinate the resources and activities required to pro duce millions of goods every year in the United States. Alt
31、hough their duties vary from plant to plant, industrial production managers share many of the same major responsibili ties. These responsibilities include production scheduling, staffing, procurement and ma intenance of equipment, quality control, inventory controI, and the coordination of pro ducti
32、on activities with those of other departments.The primary mission of industrial production managers is planning the production schedule within budgetary limitations and time constraints. They do this by analyzing the plants personnel and capital resources to select the best way of meeting the produc
33、tion quota. Industrial production managers determine, often using mathematical formulas, which machines will be used, whether new machines need to be purchased, whether over time or extra shifts are necessary, and what the sequence of production will be. They mo nitor the production run to make sure
34、 that it stays on schedule and correct any problems that may arise.Industrial production managers also must monitor product standards. When quality drops below the established standard, they must determine why standards are not being maintained and how to improve the product. If the problem relates
35、to the quality of work performed in the plant, the manager may implement better training programs, reorganize the manufacturing process, or institute employee suggestion or involvement programs. If the cause is substandard materials, the manager works with the purchasing department to improve the qu
36、ality of the products components.Because the work of many departments is interrelated, managers work closely with heads of other departments such as sales, procurement, and logistics to plan and imple ment company goals, policies, and procedures. For example, the production manager works with the pr
37、ocurement department to ensure that plant inventories are maintained at their optimal level. This is vital to a firms operation because maintaining the inventory of materials necessary for production ties up the firms financial resources, yet insufficient quantities cause delays in production. A bre
38、akdown in communications between the produc tion manager and the purchasing department can cause slowdown and a failure to meet pro duction schedules. Just-in-time production techniques have reduced inventory levels, mak ing constant communication among the manager, suppliers, and purchasing departm
39、ents even more important. Computers play an integral part in this coordination. They also are used to provide up-to-date information on inventory, the status of work in progress, and quality standards.Production managers usually report to the plant manager or the vice president for manufacturing, an
40、d may act as liaison between executives and first-line supervisors. In many plants, one production manager is responsible for all aspects of production. In large plants with several operations, there are managers in charge of each operation, such as machining, assembly, or finishing.（分数：5.00）(1).The
41、 passage is mainly about_. A. the procedures for industrial production B. the ways to raise working efficiency and productivity C. the importance of coordination in production activities D. the role of an industrial production manager（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).To meet the production quota, it is of vital
42、importance that_. A. every machine be utilized to its fullest capability B. problems be corrected at once whenever they arise C. work shifts be arranged to yield the highest productivity D. the optimal staffing and budgeting arrangement be made（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following aspects is t
43、he focus of the fourth paragraph? A. Quality control. B. Inventory control. C. Coordination of production activities. D. The necessity to obtain the latest information.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The procurement department is in charge of_. A. purchasing the production materials B. distributing the invento
44、ries in stock C. controlling the quality of the products D. making constant communication with other departments（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What is the role of computers in the production process? A. They control the techniques of production. B. They keep each department well-informed. C. They monitor the
45、progress and status of work. D. They transmit directions from the management to employees.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.4 Linguists have understood for decades that language and thought are closely relat- ed. Humans construct reality using thought and express these thoughts through the use of language. Edward Sa
46、pir and his student Benjamin Whorl are credited with developing the most relevant explanation outlining the relationship between thought and language, the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. The hypothesis consists of two parts, linguistic relativity and lin guistic determinism. Supporters of linguistic relativ
47、ity assume that culture is shaped by lan guage. Terwilliger defines linguistic determinism as the process by which “the functions of ones mind are determined by the nature of the language which one speaks. “ In simpler terms, the thoughts that we construct are based upon the language that we speak a
48、nd the words that we use. In its strongest sense, linguistic determinism can be interpreted as meaning that language determines thought. In its weakest sense, language partially influ ences thought. Whorl was careful to avoid authoritative statements which would perma nently commit him to particular
49、 position.Because of the broad nature of his statements, it is difficult to distinguish exactly to what extent Whorl believes that language determines thought. Heated debate among mod ern linguists demonstrates that disagreement exists about the accuracy and correctness of Whorfs studies and of the actual level of influence of language on thought processes.The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis essentially consists of two distin
