1、考博英语-93 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Shoppers who have flocked to online stores for their holiday shopping are losing privacy with every mouse click, according to a new report. The study by the Washington-based Electronic Privacy Information
2、 Center scrutinized privacy policies on 100 of the most popular online shopping sites and compared those policies with a set of basic privacy principles that have come to be known as “fair information practices“. The group found that none of the 100 sites met all of the basic criteria for privacy pr
3、otection, which include giving notice of what information is collected and how it is used, offering consumers a choice over whether the information will be used in certain ways, allowing access to data that give consumers a chance to see and correct the information collected, and instituting the kin
4、d of security measures that ensure that information won“t fall into the wrong hands. “This study shows that somebody else, other than Santa, is reading your Christmas list,“ said Jeff Chester, executive director of the Center for Media Education, which also worked on the survey. The online privacy o
5、f children is protected by Federal Trade Commission rules, but adults do not share the same degree of privacy protection. The movement, like the online shopping industry, favors self-regulation over imposition of further movement restrictions on electronic commerce. Marc Rosenberg, executive directo
6、r of the privacy group, said the study shows that self regulations have failed, “We need legislation to enforce fair information practices,“ he said, “Consumers are at greater risk than they were in 1997,“ when the group released its first report. The survey also asked whether the 100 sites used “pr
7、ofile-based“ advertising, and whether the sites incorporate “cookies“ technology, which gives Websites basic information on visitors. Profiling is the practice of gathering in then used to create targeted advertising on Websites. All but 18 of the top shopping sites did display a privacy policy, a m
8、ajor improvement over the early days of electronic commerce, when such policies were scarce. But that did not satisfy the privacy group. “Companies are posting privacy policies, but these policies are not the same thing as fair information practices,“ Rosenberg said. The sites also did not perform w
9、ell by other measures, the group said it found that 35 of the sites feature profile-based advertising, and 87 percent use cookies. The group concluded that the phonies that were posted “are typically confusing, incomplete, and inconsistent“. The report, “Surfer Beware : Privacy Policies Without Priv
10、acy Protection,“ is the third such survey by the group. It called for further development of technologies that help consumers protect their privacy and even anonymity when exploring the Internet.（分数：25.00）(1).What does the sentence “This study shows that somebody else, other than Santa, is reading y
11、our Christmas list“ mean?（分数：6.25）A.The study shows that someone else would buy consumers a gift for ChristmasB.The study shows that consumers“ privacy is being invaded.C.The study shows that companies want to make a Christmas list for children.D.The study shows that Santa would not bring the Christ
12、mas gifts this year.(2).Which of the following is not in the list of the basic criteria of privacy protection mentioned in Para. 3?（分数：6.25）A.Give notice of what information is collected and how it is used to consumers.B.Allow access to data that give consumers a chance to see and correct the inform
13、ation collected.C.Make consumers believe that the information provided by the sites is surely correct.D.Institute the kind of security measures that ensure that the information won“t fall into the wrong hands.(3).It could be drawn from the passage that _.（分数：6.25）A.the Washington-based Electronic Pr
14、ivacy Information Center has released at least 3 reports concerning the online privacyB.adults cannot get any online privacy protectionC.both the online privacy of children and that of adults are not protected by FTC rulesD.only 18 of the top shopping sites displayed a privacy policy nowadays(4).Wha
15、t does the passage mainly talk about?（分数：6.25）A.Marc Rosenberg“s study on self-regulation.B.Some online problems found by a privacy group“s study.C.Adults and children are different.D.Online security measures.三、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Suppose you go into a fruiterer“s shop, wanting an appleyou take up
16、 one, and on biting it you find it is sour; you look at it, and see that it is hard and green. You take up another one, and that, too, is hard, green, and sour. The shopman offers you a third; but, before biting it, you examine it, and find that it is hard and green, and you immediately say that you
17、 will not have it, as it must be sour, like those that you have already tried. Nothing can be more simple than that, you think; but if you will take the trouble to analyze and trace out into its logical elements what has been done by the mind, you will be greatly surprised. In the first place you ha
18、ve performed the operation of induction. You find that, in two experiences, hardness and greenness in apples went together with sourness. It was so in the first case, and it was confirmed by the second. True, it is a very small basis, but still it is enough from which to make an induction; you gener
19、alize the facts, and you expect to find sourness in apples where you get hardness and greenness. You found upon that a general law, that all hard and green apples are sour; and that, so far as it goes, is a perfect induction. Well, having got your natural law in this way, when you are offered anothe
20、r apple which you find it hard and green, you say, “all hard and green apples are sour; this apple is hard and green; therefore, this apple is sour.“ That train of reasoning is what logicians call a syllogism, and has all its various parts and termsits major premises, its minor premises, and its con
21、clusion. And by the help of further reasoning, which, if drawn out, would have to be exhibited in two or three other syllogisms, you arrive at your final determination, “I will not have that apple.“ So that, you see, you have, in the first place, established a law by induction, and upon that you hav
22、e founded a deduction, and reasoned out the special particular case. Well now, suppose, having got your conclusion of the law, that at some times afterwards, you are discussing the qualities of apple with a friend; you will say to him, “It is a very curious thing, but I find that all hard and green
23、apples are sour!“ Your friend says to you, “But how do you know that?“ You at once reply, “Oh，because I have tried them over and over again，and have always found them to be so.“ Well, if we are talking science instead of common sense, we should call that an experimental verification. And, if still o
24、pposed, you go further, and say, “I have heard from people, in Somerset shire and Devon shire, where a large number of apples are grown, and in London, where many apples are sold and eaten, that they have observed the same thing.“ It is also found to be the case in Normandy, and in North America. In
25、 short, I find it to be the universal experience of mankind wherever attention has been directed to the subject. Whereupon, your friend, unless he is a very unreasonable man, agrees with you, and is convinced that you are quite right in the conclusion you have drawn. He believes, although perhaps he
26、 does not know he believes it, that the more extensive verifications have been made, and results of the same kind arrived atthat the more varied the conditions under which the same results are attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further. He sees tha
27、t the experiment has been tried under all sorts of conditions, as to time, place, and people, with the same result; and he says with you, therefore, that the law you have laid down must be a good one, and he must believe it.（分数：25.00）(1).Apples are used _.（分数：6.25）A.in order to convince the reader t
28、hat fruit has no intellectB.to illustrate the subject of the passageC.to give color to the storyD.to show how foolish logic is(2).The term “natural law“ as it appears in the text refers to _.（分数：6.25）A.common senseB.the result of an inductionC.the order of natureD.a scientific discovery(3).If you fi
29、nd a hard and green apple that is not sour, you should _.（分数：6.25）A.try more apples to see if the natural law has changedB.eat the rest of the apple at onceC.reject the law stating that hard and green apples are usually sourD.conduct further investigations and make adjustments to the law of apples a
30、s necessary(4).The writer is probably _.（分数：6.25）A.FrenchB.EnglishC.AmericanD.None of the above四、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Government is not made in virtue of natural rights, which may and do exist in total independence of it, and exist in much greater clearness, and in a much greater degree of abstract
31、 perfection; but their abstract perfection is their practical defect. By having a right to everything, men want everything. Government is a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants. Men have a right that these wants should be provided for by this wisdom. Among these wants is to be reck
32、oned the want, out of civil society, of a sufficient restraint upon their passions. Society requires not only that the passions of individuals should be subjected, but that even in the mass and body, as well as in the individuals, the inclinations of men should frequently be thwarted, their will con
33、trolled, and their passions brought into subjection. This can only be done by a power out of themselves; and not, in the exercise of its function, subject to that will and those passions which is its office to bridle and subdue. In this sense, the restraints on men, as well as their liberties, are t
34、o be reckoned among their rights. But because the liberties and the restrictions vary with times and circumstances, and admit to infinite modifications, they cannot be settled upon by any abstract rule；and nothing is so foolish as to discuss them upon that principle. The moment you abate anything fr
35、om the full rights of men, each to govern himself, and suffer any artificial, positive limitation upon those rights, from that moment the whole organization of government becomes a consideration of convenience. This is which makes the constitution of a state, and the due distribution of its powers,
36、a matter of the most delicate and complicated skill. It requires a deep knowledge of human nature and human necessities, and of the things that facilitate or obstruct the various ends, which are to be pursued by the mechanism of civil institutions. The state is to have recruits to its strength, and
37、remedies to its distempers. What is the use of discussing a man“s abstract right to food and medicine? The question is upon the method of procuring and administering them. In that deliberation, I shall always advise to call in the aid of the farmer and the physician, rather than the professor of met
38、aphysics.（分数：25.00）(1).According to the author, government _.（分数：6.25）A.is made by menB.is made in virtue of natural rightsC.has a right to everythingD.wants everything(2).The author states that the will and the passions of the people _.（分数：6.25）A.can be effectively controlled by the people themselv
39、esB.should determine government policiesC.can be controlled only by a power that exists apart from the people and is not subject to that will and those passionsD.cannot be controlled(3).The restraints on men as well as the liberties of men _.（分数：6.25）A.are matters for individual concernB.are rights
40、of menC.should be of no concern to the governmentD.cannot be tolerated by people(4).Besides a deep knowledge of human nature and human necessities, establishing a constitution of a state and deciding upon its powers require a knowledge of _.（分数：6.25）A.the liberties and restrictions on man“s rightsB.
41、the things which facilitate or obstruct the ends pursued by the mechanism of civil institutionsC.the will of all the peopleD.the constitutions of many nations五、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：25.00)In the 2006 film version of “The Devil Wears Prada“, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive
42、assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn“t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant“s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment. This top-down conception of t
43、he fashion business couldn“t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in “Overdressed“, Elizabeth Cline“s three-year indictment of “fast fashion“. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H her example, can“t be knocked off.
44、Though several fast fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environmentincluding H people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can“t afford to it.（分数：25.00）(1).Priestly criticizes her assistant for her _.（分数：5.00）A.poor bargaining skill.B.insensitivit
45、y to fashion.C.obsession with high fashion.D.lack of imagination.(2).According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to _.（分数：5.00）A.combat unnecessary waste.B.shut out the feverish fashion world.C.resist the influence of advertisements.D.shop for their garments more frequently.(3).The word “i
46、ndictment“ (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to _.（分数：5.00）A.accusation.B.enthusiasm.C.indifference.D.tolerance.(4).Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?（分数：5.00）A.Vanity has more often been found in idealists.B.The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.C.People
47、 are more interested in unaffordable garments.D.Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.(5).What is the subject of the text?（分数：5.00）A.Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.B.Challenge to a high-fashion myth.C.Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.D.Exposure of a mass-market secret.考博英语-93
48、 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Shoppers who have flocked to online stores for their holiday shopping are losing privacy with every mouse click, according to a new report. The study by the Washington-based Electronic Privacy Information Center
49、scrutinized privacy policies on 100 of the most popular online shopping sites and compared those policies with a set of basic privacy principles that have come to be known as “fair information practices“. The group found that none of the 100 sites met all of the basic criteria for privacy protection, which include giving notice of what information is collected and how it is used, offering consumers a choice over whether the information will be used in certain ways, allowing access to data that give consumers a chance to see and c
