1、考研数学一-线性代数向量(二)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Home prices slid in November, raising questions about whether the housing recovery is robust enough to maintain a sustained turnaround. From October to November, home prices fell 0.2% after (1) 0.1% in October, according t
2、o a report Tuesday by Standard we even have reason to believe that our descendants will be worse off than we are.The earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted. Pollution will ruin the environment, upset the climate and endanger human health. The gap in living standards between the r
3、ich and the poor will widen and lead the angry, hungry people of the world to acts of desperation including the use of nuclear weapons as blackmail. Such are the inevitable consequences of population and technological growth if present trends continue.The future is never a projection of the past. An
4、imals probably have no chance to escape from the tyranny of biological evolution, but human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolution. For us, trend is not destiny (fate). The escape from existing trends is now facilitated by the fact that societies anticipate future dangers and take p
5、reventive steps against expected changes.Despite the widespread belief that the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brain, modern societies have often responded effectively to critical situations. The decrease in birth rates, the partial prohibition of pesticides and the reth
6、inking of technologies for the production and use of energy are but a few examples illustrating a sudden reversal of trends caused not by political upsets or scientific breakthroughs, but by public awareness of consequences.Even more striking are the situations in which social attitudes concerning f
7、uture difficulties undergo rapid changes before the problems have come to pass - witness the heated arguments about the problems of behavior control and of genetic engineering even though there is as yet no proof that effective methods can be developed to manipulate behavior and genes on a populatio
8、n scale.One of the characteristics of our times is thus the rapidity with which steps can be taken to change the orientation of certain trends and even to reverse them. Such changes usually emerge from grass root movements rather than from official directives.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the first two
9、 paragraphs, if present trends continue, which one of the following situations will not occur?A An overpopulated earth will be unable to sustain its inhabitants.B The rich will become richer and the poor will become poorer.C New sources of energy will be substituted for oil and natural gas.D The eff
10、ects of pollution will pose a dreadful threat to mankind.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The best illustration of the meaning of “trend is not destiny“ in paragraph 3 is thatA human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolution.B the world has become too complex for human beings to modify.C preventiv
11、e steps against catastrophes are difficult to be adopted.D the earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the text, evidences of the insight of the public into the dangers which surround us can be found in all of the following EXCEPTA a decline in bi
12、rth rates.B opposition to the use of pesticides.C pressing for better power production and energy use.D a rapid increase in the funding of environment research.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The author is in favor of the opinion thatA the reversal of trend caused by scientific advances is out of the question.
13、B nuclear weapons wont play a prominent role in dealings among peoples.C the public is aware of the future dangers and ready to take immediate action.D the trend of rapid development of science and technology seems irresistible.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The logical organization of the text is thatA an as
14、sertion is made, followed by a few examples to illustrate it.B future dangers are stated and relative measures are to be adopted.C a historical trend is stated and evidence is then provided to prove it.D examples of risks are given and reasons are then advanced to clarify them.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Tex
15、t 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)If men are from Mars and women are from Venus, it may explain at least one of their shared beliefs: Men and women cant be real friends. Many may point to the jealousy that plagues many rational people when a significant other befriends someone of the opposite sex. Boil it down to
16、the inherent differences between the sexes. It just cant be done. Is it right?Wrong, say relationship experts. “The belief that men and women cant be friends comes from another era in which women were at home and men were in the workplace, and the only way they could get together was for romance,“ e
17、xplains Linda Sapadin, Ph. D, a psychologist in private practice in Valley Stream, New York. “Now they work together and have sports interests together and socialize together.“ This cultural shift is encouraging psychologists, sociologists and communications experts to put forth a new message: thoug
18、h it may be tricky, men and women can successfully become close friends. Whats more, there are good reasons for them to do so.Society has long singled out romance as the prototypical male-female relationship because it spawns babies and keeps the life cycle going; cross-sex friendship, as researcher
19、s call it, has been either ignored or trivialized. We have rules for how to act in romantic relationships (flirt, date, get married, have kids) and even same-sex friendships (boys relate by doing activities together, girls by talking and sharing). But there are so few platonic male-female friendship
20、s on display in our culture that were at a loss even to define these relationships.A certain 1989 film starring Meg Ryan and Billy Crystal convinced a nation of moviegoers that romance always comes between men and women, making true friendship impossible. “When Harry Met Sally set the potential for
21、male-female friendship back about 25 years,“ says Michael Monsour, Ph. D., assistant professor of communications at the University of Colorado at Denver and author of Women and Men as Friends: Relationships across the Life Span in the 21st Century. “Almost every time you see a male-female friendship
22、, it winds up turning into romance.“In 1989, Don OMeara, Ph. D., a sociology professor at the University of Cincinnati-Raymond Walters College, published a landmark study in the journal Sex Roles on the top impediments to cross-sex friendship. Among several challenges he pointed out in his research,
23、 society may not be entirely ready for friendships between men and women that have no sexual subtext. People with close friends of the opposite sex are often barraged with nudging, winking and skepticism: “Are you really just friends?“ This is especially true, says OMeara, of older adults, who grew
24、up when men and women were off-limits to each other until marriage.（分数：10.00）(1).What does the word “befriends“ (Line 3, Para. 1 ) most probably mean?A Stop being friends with.B Go on a date with.C Become friends with.D Have a fancy or particular liking or desire for.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What do som
25、e relationship experts think about male-female friendships?A They can only be friends in the workplace.B Their friendships would finally turn into romances.C It is totally possible that friendships exist between males and females.D Men and women cant be real friends.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to
26、 paragraph 3, why is it difficult for men and women to become “just“ friends?A Historically, it has been difficult to define this kind of relationship.B It is not as common as same-sex friendships.C Men and women have different rules to act in a relationship.D There havent been enough rules and exam
27、ples for cross-sex relationship.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What is the main idea of paragraph 4?A The difficulties of cross-sex friendship stem partly from the media.B Movie and television have set different rules for men and women to interact.C Television has not helped to promote cross-sex friendships.D
28、 Some book authors play a negative role in people accepting cross-sex friendships.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which one of the following would be the best subtitle for the last paragraph?A Establishing Equality: The power playB The Public Eye: Dealing with doubtersC The Meeting Place: Finding friendsD Defi
29、ning the Relationship: Friends or Lovers?（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)“The imperative to self-knowledge has always been at the heart of philosophical inquiry,“ wrote MIT professor Sherry Turkle in the insightful book about the web and the self, Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of
30、the Internet. Published in 1995 as the second part of a trilogy that examined our relationships with technology, it looked at how we are who we are in online spaces. And what that means for us offline.The good news is that the results are positive: “Play has always been an important aspect of our in
31、dividual efforts to build identity,“ she said, referencing developmental psychologist Erik Erikson, and nodding to the theories of psychoanalysts Freud, Lacan and Jung. “In terms of our views of the self,“ she wrote, “new images of multiplicity, heterogeneity, flexibility, and fragmentation dominate
32、 current thinking about human identity. “At the time Life on the Screen was released, most of the visitors were college students and their professors from a remarkably small talent pool, and a surprisingly small geography. They were tech-savvy, and generically open-minded about the new fields of vir
33、tual exploration that lay within the networks of this new communication platform. They were, in other words, liberal, enlightened types who were more willing to embrace the unprecedented fluidity of self-expression that this new technology uniquely afforded.As a psychoanalyst and a web user herself,
34、 Turkle spent much of the book explaining why the articulation of multiple personalities wasnt pathological. Contrary to its Latin root, identity need not mean “the same“, she argued. “No one aspect can be claimed as the absolute, true self“, she wrote, maintaining that the web allowed us the opport
35、unity to get to know our “inner diversity“. In the great psychoanalytic tradition, she said that self-actualisation meant coming to terms with who we are, and integrating each aspect of it into a coherent and well-integrated us.Almost everyone has experienced this kind of identity play. Even if youv
36、e never ventured into an online game or been a signed-up member of a web community, youve probably developed a profile for a social network, written a blog, styled a website, commented on an article. But things are different from the time when Turkle was writing Life on the Screen. Nowadays, our vir
37、tual social lives are increasingly integrated. with our offline social lives. The freedom of expression is curtailed by the threat of offline consequences from online actions. Today, your reputation offline is far more closely tied to your reputation online than before. In fact, our experience of co
38、ntemporary identity online is disarmingly similar to offline.However, I still subscribe to the old Turkle. Consequence-free online environments allow us to practise and play without fear of offline effect, and offer an extraordinary place to experience the fluidity of our selves: I can be anyone, ev
39、en a dog. As Tom MacMaster found, there still are places online where this is possible.（分数：10.00）(1).From the first sentence we know thatA inquiry into online identity has become a philosophical concern.B philosophers put high premium on the nature of knowledge.C the search for identity is an eterna
40、l theme of philosophical inquiry.D philosophers are exploring our relationships with the Internet.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It is implied in the second paragraph thatA Erikson also explores the role of play in shaping identity.B modern society takes a positive attitude to psychoanalysis.C Freuds psychoan
41、alysis has lost its value in modern society.D psychologists themselves are confused about human identity.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).To which of the following statements does Turkle agree?A Our inner diversity is complicated by our wish for self-actualization.B Our online identity is characterized by multi
42、plicity and flexibility.C The articulation of our online identity is made impossible by its fluidity.D Our online identity is entirely different from our offline identity.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the author, almost everyone has tried toA sign up for an online game with a website.B change hi
43、s lifestyle by networking with online visitors.C associate his online life with his of f line reputation.D construct an online identity in one way or another.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The text is most likely to beA a scientific report.B a review of a book.C a description of a new phenomenon.D an account
44、of a personal experience.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.八、Part B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A As a science, management entails the use of organized knowledge. Many of the things managers do are a result of information obtained through formal research and study. One area in which a great deal has been done is quantitative dec
45、ision making or, as it is known today, management science. We know that by using certain mathematical formulas we can control inventory and project demand more accurately than by merely using trial and error.B Management is the process of getting things done through people. We know that part of this
46、 process is carried out with the development of an organization structure.C Yet management is also an art. Through experience the manager develops judgment and intuition, subjective factors that are useful in evaluation situations. For example, the manager may have to choose between two strategies,
47、A and B. All research and study may indicate that neither of the two is any better than the other.D Effective management is a combination of art and science. Neither should be ignored; neither ought to be relied on exclusively. In getting things done through people, management must seek the right bl
48、end of art and science. At the upper levels of the hierarchy there will be more emphasis on the former; at the lower levels there will be more emphasis on the latter.E How do managers succeed in getting things done through people? In order to answer this question it is necessary to break down the ma
49、nager s job into its basic duties or functions. Management entails planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. By performing well in each of these areas the manager can get things done through people.F However, what if the manager chooses strategy A on the basis of intuition and proves to be right? In this case it is difficult to say precisely why the manager was able to choose so well, but there must be some special ability he or she has
