1、考研数学一-高等数学常微分方程(二)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)As one works with color in a practical, or experimental way, one is impressed by two apparently unrelated facts. Color as seen is a mobile, changeable thing (1) to a large extent on the relationship of the color (2) oth
2、er colors (3) simultaneously. It is not (4) in its relation to the direct stimulus which (5) it. On the other hand, the properties of surfaces that give (6) to color do not seem to change greatly under a wide variety of illumination color, usually (but not always) looking much the same in artificial
3、 light as in daylight. Both of these effects seem to be (7) in large part to the mechanism of color (8) .When the eye is (9) to a colored area, there is an immediate readjustment of the (10) of the eye to color in and around the area (11) . This readjustment does not promptly affect the color seen b
4、ut usually does affect the next area to which the (12) is shifted. The longer the time of viewing, the higher the (13) , and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be (14) its persistence in the (15) viewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Schouten, it appears that, at (1
5、6) for a first approximation, full adaptation takes place over (17) time if the adapting source is moderately bright and the eye has been in (18) darkness just previously. Also, (19) of the persistence of the effect if the eye is shifted around from one object to another, all of which are at similar
6、 brightness or have similar colors, the adaptation will tend to become (20) over the whole eye.（分数：10.00）(1).A liable B focusing C typical D depending（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A with B between C to D upon（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A pursued B perceived C realized D conceived（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A fixed B firm
7、C bound D open（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A creates B summons C triggers D introduces（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A play B way C rise D birth（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A related B due C devoted D close（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A assimilation B admission C regulation D adaptation（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A drawn B left C exposed D
8、 subjected（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A sensitivity B curiosity C decoration D impression（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A noticed B alarmed C neglected D tolerated（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A cheer B sense C gaze D thought（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A publicity B necessity C density D intensity（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A by mean
9、s of B in terms of C with regard to D in line with（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A transparent B succeeding C simultaneous D proceeding（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A most B worst C least D best（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A brief B complete C light D narrow（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A efficient B parallel C relative D respecti
10、ve（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A regardless B despite C exclusive D because（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A equivalent B uniform C contrastive D complementary（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Sadness isnt manlythis Eric Weaver knew. When depression en
11、gulfed this New York police sergeant, it took a different guise: a near-constant state of anger. “One minute Id be okay and the next minute Id be screaming at my kids and punching the wall,“ he recalls. “My kids would ask, Whats wrong with Daddy? Whys he so mad all the time?“ For years, Weaver didnt
12、 know what was wrong. Weavers confusion about what tortured him was not unusual. Roughly a third of the 18 million or more Americans who suffer depression each year are men. Yet all too often, experts say, men fail to recognize the symptoms and get the treatment they need. For years, experts suspect
13、ed that gender makes a big difference in depression. Studies from New York to New Zealand have repeatedly found the same startling statistic: About twice as many women as men suffer from depression. That finding was considered one of the bedrock facts of modern mental health. Yet it has recently com
14、e under attack from critics who are concerned about underreporting of male depression. William Pollack, Director of the Center for Men at McLean Hospital, is leading the charge against the well-entrenched depression gender gap. He argues that mens rate of depression may be nearly equal to womens. Ju
15、st look at suicide rates, he says: Male suicides outnumber females four to one. That ratio “is way too high to say that mens depression numbers are so low,“ he notes. Pollack and others contend that male depression goes unrecognized because, unlike the female version, it often doesnt fit the textboo
16、k signsat least in the early stages. Clinical depression at later stages looks much the same in both sexes. But in the prelude to a breakdown, that deepening despair is often expressed in very different ways. Instead of being weepy, men are more apt to be irritable and angrymoods that arent included
17、 in the classic diagnostic tests. “Their sadness and helplessness are hidden behind a mask of anger,“ says Pollack. “Men tend to act out“ to avoid dealing with uncomfortable feelings, adds Fredric Rabinowitz, a psychologist who works primarily with men. If they feel bad, theyre apt to get into fight
18、s on the job or at home, withdraw from family and friends, become obsessed with work or hobbies. Most significantly, men often turn to drinking or drugs. Men have two to four times the rate of substance abuse problems as women, and Pollack contends that if this was recognized as a sign of depression
19、, the gender gap would substantially narrow.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs? A Mr. Weaver considered anger was a guise of depression. B Depression may result in similar symptoms. C Men generally ignore the signs of depression and its treatment. D On
20、e third of male Americans suffer depression each year.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Studies from New York to New Zealand suggested that_. A women mental health was worse than mens B men are 50% less depressed than women C different gender faces different depressions D gender differences explained the depress
21、ion rates（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the passage, Mr. Pollack believes that men facing depression_. A will choose to commit suicide B break down more easily than women C do not have the same symptoms as described in textbook D are often not diagnosed properly（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).By saying “Men
22、 tend to act out“ (Line 1, Para. 6), the author implies that_. A men often fight outside B men usually hide their uncomfortable feelings C men would choose violent acts outside D men are easily offended by others（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A Male
23、 Depression: Re-examined B Symptoms of Depression: Gender Difference C Male Depression: Underlying Causes D Mask of Anger: Men Under Stress（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)This years Sumantra Ghoshal Conference, held at London Business School, debated whether strategy research has become irr
24、elevant to the practice of management. The late Mr Ghoshal published a paper in 2005 scolding business schools for pouring “bad theory“ on their students. That same year Warren Bennis and James OToole, both at the University of Southern California, published an article in the Harvard Business Review
25、 criticising MBA programmes for paying too much attention to “scientific“ research and not enough to what current and future managers actually needed. Business schools, they argued, would be better off acting more like their professional counterparts, such as medical or law schools, nurturing skille
26、d practitioners as well as frequent publishers.However, business school professors have a tendency not to change. Since universities take journal rankings into account when awarding tenure, academics are rewarded more when they publish in research journals. (Popular media rankings of MBA programmes,
27、 although not The Economists, also take research output into account.)In 2008 the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) took up the debate, publishing a report on making business research more useful. It suggested that tenure committees become more flexible. A scholar dedicat
28、ed to popularising management ideas, for example, should be evaluated on book sales and attention from the news media, not on articles in research journals. This would allow faculty to reach out to wider audiences, rather than be, as Messrs Bennis and OToole put it, “damned as popularisers“.But that
29、 might also risk granting tenure on the basis of trendy but ultimately unhelpful ideas. In any case, some argue that the relevance of business research is understated. Jan Williams, vice chair of AACSB, argues that doing research allows faculty members to stay at the forefront of their subject, and
30、that in turn improves their teaching. “We cant teach students outdated material,“ he says.What is more, a paper in Academy of Management Learning access to frontier research comes afterwards. As Messrs Bennis and OToole put it: “Business professors too often forget that executive decision-makers are
31、 not fact-collectors; they are fact users and integrators.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the first paragraph, Bennis and OToole complained about_.A business schools publishing papersB irrelevant management in business schoolsC too much efforts directed to researchD MBA programmes misleading students（分数：
32、2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The ranking of MBA programmes is mentioned in brackets in order to_.A name a particular ranking including the application factorB provide a supporting argument for the importance of research outputC explain why universities expect journal papers from professorsD show another way for
33、 professors to get permanent teaching positions（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).AACSB suggested that_.A professors should not pay heed to scientific researchB a more reasonable evaluating system be established to judge professorsC scholars should entertain a large audience if they want to be successfulD a flexi
34、ble evaluating way be created to put scientific research into application（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that_.A the best schools in the popular media rankings guarantee graduates high salaryB doing research may help students to be better paid laterC professors should be eva
35、luated on the basis of popularityD Jan Williams may not agree with AACSB on the issue about doing research（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the author, after entering a business school a student should first_.A learn to process incoming information effectivelyB contribute to the reputation of his sc
36、hoolC find a professor who is popular in his research fieldD help teachers with their research（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)For more than a decade, the prevailing view of innovation has been that little guys had the edge. Innovation bubbled up from the bottom, from upstarts and insurgents
37、. Big companies didnt innovate, and government got in the way. In the dominant innovation narrative, venture-backed start-up companies were cast as the nimble winners and large corporations as the sluggish losers.There was a rich vein of business-school research supporting the notion that innovation
38、 comes most naturally from small-scale outsiders. That was the headline point that a generation of business people, venture investors and policy makers took away from Clayton M. Christensens 1997 classic, The Innovators Dilemma, which examined the process of disruptive change.But a shift in thinking
39、 is under way, driven by altered circumstances. In the United States and abroad, the biggest economic and social challengesand potential business opportunitiesare problems in multifaceted fields like the environment, energy and health care that rely on complex systems.Solutions wont come from the ne
40、xt new gadget or clever software, though such innovations will help. Instead, they must plug into a larger network of change shaped by economics, regulation and policy. Progress, experts say, will depend on people in a wide range of disciplines, and collaboration across the public and private sector
41、s.“These days, more than ever, size matters in the innovation game,“ said John Kao, a former professor at the Harvard business school and an innovation consultant to governments and corporations. In its economic recovery package, the Obama administration is financing programs to generate innovation
42、with technology in health care and energy. The government will spend billions to accelerate the adoption of electronic patient records to help improve care and curb costs, and billions more to spur the installation of so-called smart grids that use sensors and computerized meters to reduce electrici
43、ty consumption.In other developed nations, where energy costs are higher than in the United States, government and corporate projects to cut fuel use and reduce carbon emissions are further along. But the Obama administration is pushing environmental and energy conservation policy more in the direct
44、ion of Europe and Japan. The change will bolster demand for more efficient and more environmentally friendly systems for managing commuter traffic, food distribution, electric grids and waterways.These systems are animated by inexpensive sensors and ever-increasing computing power but also require t
45、he skills to analyze, model and optimize complex networks, factoring in things as diverse as weather patterns and human behavior. Big companies like General Electric and IBM that employ scientists in many disciplines typically have the skills and scale to tackle such projects.（分数：10.00）(1).In his bo
46、ok Christensen comes to the conclusion thatA business people are more innovative than government officials.B all kinds of changes are disruptive activities in some sense.C the dilemma of any innovation is its disruptive nature.D small businesses are more creative than large companies.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.
47、D.(2).Due to the complicated circumstances, a single innovationA will stimulate a chain of other innovations in related fields.B should fit into a network of changes to become more effective.C should meet economic challenges to assume social significance.D can never solve any problem but only serves
48、 to complicate it.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).In the authors opinion, Obamas approach to the health and energy problemA is a doomed endeavor at its very beginning.B typically illustrates the complexity of the situation.C lacks a proper vision though effective in a short term.D shows why large organizations are less innovative.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Big companies have the advantage ofA making Complex networks work in a coordinated way.B reducing the cost by producing things in large quantities.C being able to integrate innovations across complex systems
