1、考研英语(一)-22 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)It“s no surprise that Jennifer Senior“s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,“ is arousing much chatternothing gets people talking like the suggestion that
2、child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we
3、should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.“ The magazine cover showing an
4、attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptiveand newly singlemom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant“ news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mo
5、rn, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands. In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing? It doesn“t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets
6、of the childless. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn“t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in t
7、heir lives. Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are
8、 the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own“ (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake. It“s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to wa
9、nt children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it“s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren“t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dis
10、satisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “the Rachel“ might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.（分数：20.00）(1).Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring（分数：4.00）A.temporary delight.B.enjoyment in prog
11、ress.C.happiness in retrospect.D.lasting reward.(2).We learn from Paragraph 2 that（分数：4.00）A.celebrity morns are a permanent source for gossip.B.single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.C.news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.D.having children is highly valued by the public.(3)
12、.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks（分数：4.00）A.are constantly exposed to criticism.B.are largely ignored by the media.C.fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.D.are less likely to be satisfied with their life.(4).According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity maga
13、zines is（分数：4.00）A.soothing.B.ambiguous.C.compensatory.D.misleading.(5).Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?（分数：4.00）A.Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.B.Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.C.Having children
14、intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.D.We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.四、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, h
15、e would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames. The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized real
16、ity: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today“s peopleespecially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generationsapparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren“t likely to get any taller.
17、“In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we“ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,“ says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of
18、 recruiting players from all over the world. Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrientsnotably, proteinto feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, child
19、ren and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height5“9“ for men, 5“4“ for womenhasn“t really changed since 1960. Genetical
20、ly speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily
21、 withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,“ says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University. Genetic maximums can change, but don“t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Go
22、rdon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass, ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict hum
23、an height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today“s data and feel fairly confident.“（分数：20.00）(1).Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to（分数：4.00）A.illustrate the change of height of NBA players.B.show the popularity of NBA players in
24、 the U.SC.compare different generations of NBA players.D.assess the achievements of famous NBA players.(2).Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?（分数：4.00）A.Genetic modification.B.Natural environment.C.Living standards.D.Daily exercise.(3).On which of the follow
25、ing statements would the author most probably agree?（分数：4.00）A.Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.B.Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.C.Americans are the tallest on average in the world.D.Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.(4).We learn from the last
26、paragraph that in the near future（分数：4.00）A.the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.B.the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.C.genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.D.the existing data of human height will still be applicable.(5).The text intends to tel
27、l us that（分数：4.00）A.the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.B.human height is becoming even more predictable.C.Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.D.the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital
28、 data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest. California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that aut
29、horities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies. The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California“s advice. Enough of the implications are d
30、iscernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants. They should start by discarding California“s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphonea vast storehouse of digital informationis similar to, say, going through a
31、 suspect“s purse. The court has ruled that police don“t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one“s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee“s reading history, financial
32、 history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing“, meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier. Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingl
33、y a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution“s prohibition on unreasonable searches. As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn“t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not
34、be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for
35、a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom. But the justices should not swallow California“s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution“s protections. Orin Kerr, a
36、 law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out h
37、ow the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.（分数：20.00）(1).The Supreme court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to（分数：4.00）A.search for suspects“ mobile phones without a warrant.B.check suspects“ phone contents without being authorized.C.prevent suspects from del
38、eting their phone contents.D.prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.(2).The author“s attitude toward California“s argument is one of（分数：4.00）A.tolerance.B.indifference.C.disapproval.D.cautiousness.(3).The author believes that exploring one“s phone contents is comparable to（分数：4.00）A.gettin
39、g into one“s residence.B.handing one“s historical records.C.scanning one“s correspondences.D.going through one“s wallet.(4).In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that（分数：4.00）A.principles are hard to be clearly expressed.B.the court is giving police less room for action.C.phones are us
40、ed to store sensitive information.D.citizens“ privacy is not effectively protected.(5).Orin Kerr“s comparison is quoted to indicate that（分数：4.00）A.the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.B.new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.C.California“s argument violates principle
41、s of the Constitution.D.principles of the Constitution should never be altered.六、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)In his book The Tipping Point , Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics“ are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are
42、 unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn“t explain how ideas actually spread. The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication“: Information flo
43、ws from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unex
44、pected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that o
45、nly certain special people can drive trends. In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don“t seem to be required of all. The researchers“ argument stems from a sim
46、ple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfreywhose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influenceeven the most influential members of a population simply don“t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely th
47、ese noncelebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn
48、influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won“t propagate very far or aff
49、ect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people“s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades“the widespread propagation of influence through networksis the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.（分数：20.00）(1).By citing the boo
