1、考研英语(一)-28 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimat
2、ely, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years. No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become le
3、ss materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an
4、era of reckless personal spending. But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almo
5、st always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes. Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk i
6、n this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross themespecially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economic at Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chance
7、s dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind. In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidd
8、en within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society“s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict
9、 since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.（分数：20.00）(1).By saying “to find silver linings“ (Para. 2) the author suggests that the joble
10、ss try to（分数：4.00）A.seek subsidies from the government.B.explore reasons for the unemployment.C.make profit from the troubled economy.D.look on the bright side of the recession.(2).According to Paragraph 2, the recession has made people（分数：4.00）A.realize the national dream.B.struggle against each ot
11、her.C.challenge their prudence.D.reconsider their lifestyle.(3).Benjamin Friedman believes that economic recessions may（分数：4.00）A.impose a heavier burden on immigrants.B.bring out more evils of human nature.C.promote the advance of rights and freedoms.D.ease conflicts between races and classes.(4).T
12、he research of Till Von Wachter suggests that in the recession graduates from elite universities tend to（分数：4.00）A.lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities.B.catch up quickly with experienced employees.C.see their life chances as dimmed as the others.D.recover more quickly than the other
13、s.(5).The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is（分数：4.00）A.certain.B.positive.C.trivial.D.destructive.四、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “S
14、ometime in the future,“ the paper“s publisher said back in 2010. Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there“s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaperprinting presses, delivery trucksisn“t just expensive; it“s excessive at a ti
15、me when online-only competitors don“t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print and sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining. Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing
16、to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti. Peretti says the Times shouldn“t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,“ he said,
17、“but if you discontinue it, you“re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.“ Sometimes that“s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as a blunder,“ he said. The more turned out
18、 to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in change at the Times ? “I wouldn“t pick a year to end print,“ he said. “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.“ The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they“d feel like they were helping su
19、stain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you“re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,“ Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.“ In other words, if you“re going to make a print product, make it
20、for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a yearmore than twice as much as a digital-only subscription. “It“s a really hard thing to do and it“s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn“
21、t have a legacy business,“ Peretti remarked. “But we“re going to have questions like that where we have things we“re doing that don“t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it“s better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.“（分数：20.00）(1).The New York Time
22、s is considering ending its print edition partly due to（分数：4.00）A.the high cost of operation.B.the pressure from its investors.C.the complaints from its readers.D.the increasing online ad sales.(2).Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times should（分数：4.00）A.seek new sources o
23、f readership.B.end the print edition for good.C.aim for efficient management.D.make strategic adjustments.(3).It can be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product“（分数：4.00）A.helps restore the glory of former times.B.is meant for the most loyal customers.C.will have the lost of printing
24、reduced.D.expands the popularity of the paper.(4).Peretti believes that, in a changing world,（分数：4.00）A.legacy businesses are becoming outdated.B.cautiousness facilitates problems-solving.C.aggressiveness better meets challenges.D.traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.(5).Which of the following w
25、ould be the best title of the text?（分数：4.00）A.Shift to Online Newspapers All at OnceB.Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your HandC.Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury GoodD.Keep Your Newspaper Forever in Fashion五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)In a sweeping change to how most of its 1,800 employees are paid, the
26、 Union Square Hospitality Group will eliminate tipping at Union Square Cafe and its 12 other restaurants by the end of next year, the company“s chief executive, Danny Meyer, said on Wednesday. The move will affect New York City businesses. The first will be the Modem, inside the Museum of Modem Art,
27、 starting next month. The others will gradually follow. A small number of restaurants around the country have reduced or eliminated tipping in the last several years. Some put a surcharge on the bill, allowing the restaurants to set the pay for all their employees. Others, including Bruno Pizza, a n
28、ew restaurant in the East Village, factor the cost of an hourly wage for servers into their menu prices. Union Square Hospitality Group will do the latter. The Modem will be the pilot restaurant, Mr. Meyer said, because its chef, Abram Bissell, has been agitating for higher pay to attract skilled co
29、oks. The average hourly wage for kitchen employees at the restaurant is expected to rise to $15.25 from $11.75. Mr. Meyer said that restaurants such as his needed to stay competitive as the state moved to a $15 minimum wage for fast-food workers. If cooks“ wages do not keep pace with the cost of liv
30、ing, he said, “it“s not going to be sustainable to attract the culinary talent that the city needs to keep its edge.“ Mr. Meyer said he hoped to be able to raise pay for junior dining room managers and for cooks, dishwashers and other kitchen workers. The wage gap is one of several issues cited by r
31、estaurateurs who have deleted the tip line from checks. Some believe it is unfair for servers“ pay to be affected by factors that have nothing to do with performance. A rash of class-action lawsuits over tipping irregularities, many of which have been settled for millions of dollars, is a mounting w
32、orry. Scott Rosenberg, an owner of Sushi Yasuda in Manhattan, said in an interview in 2013 that he had eliminated tipping so his restaurant could more closely follow the customs of Japan, where tipping is rare. He said he also hoped his customers would enjoy leaving the table without having to solve
33、 a math problem. While Drew Nieporent, who owns nine restaurants in New York City and one in London, said he doubted the average diner would accept an increase in prices. “Tipping is a way of life in this country,“ he said. “It may not be the perfect system, but it“s our system. It“s an American sys
34、tem.“（分数：20.00）(1).According to the first paragraph, what would happen in New York City?（分数：4.00）A.1,800 employees of the Union Square Hospitality Group will be paid as much as before.B.Tips in 13 restaurants of the Union Square Hospitality Group will be removed.C.All the business will be affected b
35、y Danny Meyer“s action and eliminate tipping.D.There will be a new tipping system in the Modem, inside the Museum of Modem Art.(2).By “do the latter“ (Para. 2), the writer probably means Union Square Hospitality Group will（分数：4.00）A.reduce tips.B.decrease prices.C.explain that prices include “hospit
36、ality“.D.provide blank lines for tips on checks.(3).Why does Danny Meyer make the Modem be the first restaurant to eliminate tipping?（分数：4.00）A.Tips can not be distributed to its skilled cooks.B.Its chef argues strongly for higher pay to attract culinary talents.C.The wages its cooks earn do not kee
37、p pace with the cost of living.D.Compensation chefs receive remains roughly the same with servers“.(4).It is believed that customer service workers may NOT receive tips based on（分数：4.00）A.their service.B.the weather.C.race and age.D.their customer“s moods.(5).The author“s attitude towards tips“ elim
38、ination seems to be（分数：4.00）A.favorable.B.skeptical.C.uncertain.D.objective.六、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Cyberspace, data superhighways, multi mediafor those who have seen the future, the linking of computers, television and telephones will change our lives forever. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming
39、technological utopia, little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology, while the West concerns itself with the “how“, the question of “for whom“ is put aside once again. Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which
40、 the communications revolution has affected the world economy. Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries, and transnational corporations take full advantage of it. Terms of trade, exchange and interest rates and money movements are more import
41、ant than the production of goods. The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global marketswith destructive impact on the have-nots. For them the result is instability. Developing countries which rely on the production of a small rang
42、e of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine. As “futures“ are traded on computer screens, developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies. So what are the options for regaining control? One alternative is for developing coun
43、tries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselvesso-called “development communications“ modernization. Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries“ economies. Communications technology is generally exported from the U.S., Euro
44、pe or Japan; the patents, skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries. It is also expensive, and imported products and services must therefore be bought on creditcredit usually provided by the very countries whose companies stand to gain. Furthermore, when
45、 new technology is introduced there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit it for native development. This means that while local elites, foreign communities and subsidiaries of transnational corporations may benefit, those whose lives depend on access to the information are denied it.（分数：
46、20.00）(1).From the passage, we know that the development of high technology is in the interests of（分数：4.00）A.the rich countries.B.scientific development.C.the elite.D.the world economy.(2).It can be inferred from the passage that（分数：4.00）A.international trade should be expanded.B.the interests of th
47、e poor countries have not been given enough consideration.C.the exports of the poor countries should be increased.D.communications technology in the developing countries should be modernized.(3).Why does the author say that the electronic economy may have a destructive impact on developing countries
48、?（分数：4.00）A.Because it enables the developed countries to control the international market.B.Because it destroys the economic balance of the poor countries.C.Because it violates the national boundaries of the poor countries.D.Because it inhibits the industrial growth of developing countries.(4).The
49、development of modern communications technology in developing countries may（分数：4.00）A.hinder their industrial production.B.cause them to lose control of their trade.C.force them to reduce their share of exports.D.cost them their economic independence.(5).The author“s attitude toward the communications revolution is（分数：4.00）A.positive.B.critical.C.indifferent.D.tolerant.七、Text 5(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Cigarette smoking is a health hazard of sufficient importance in the United States. It was 50 years ago this month that America“s Surgeon General sounded that warning, marking the beginning of the
