1、考研英语(一)-29 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. F
2、or the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!“ wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic. One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advoc
3、ated Gilbert“s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.“ As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck
4、 at least some Times readers as faint praise. For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesti
5、ng orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes. Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving
6、public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in art
7、istic quality than today“s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed“ at a time and place of the listener“s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. One possible response is for classica
8、l performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert“s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organizatio
9、n.“ But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra“s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America“s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract.（分数：20.00）(1).We lea
10、rn from Paragraph 1 that Gilbert“s appointment has（分数：4.00）A.incurred criticism.B.raised suspicion.C.received acclaim.D.aroused curiosity.(2).Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is（分数：4.00）A.influential.B.modest.C.respectable.D.talented.(3).The author believes that the devoted concertgoers（分数
11、：4.00）A.ignore the expenses of live performances.B.reject most kinds of recorded performances.C.exaggerate the variety of live performances.D.overestimate the value of live performances.(4).According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?（分数：4.00）A.They are often inferior to live
12、 concerts in quality.B.They are easily accessible to the general public.C.They help improve the quality of music.D.They have only covered masterpieces.(5).Regarding Gilbert“s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels（分数：4.00）A.doubtful.B.enthusiastic.C.confident.D.puzzled.四、Text 2(总题数：
13、1，分数：20.00)It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors“ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the
14、 comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal. No longer. The Internetand pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning wh
15、y commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to itis making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The repor
16、t, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor. The value of knowl
17、edge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Med
18、ical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals. This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new busi
19、ness models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report“s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by askin
20、g the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, wh
21、ere journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.（分数：20.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the au
22、thor discusses（分数：4.00）A.the background information of journal editing.B.the publication routine of laboratory reports.C.the relations of authors with journal publishers.D.the traditional process of journal publication.(2).Which of the following is true of the OECD report?（分数：4.00）A.It criticizes go
23、vernment-funded research.B.It introduces an effective means of publication.C.It upsets profit-making journal publishers.D.It benefits scientific research considerably.(3).According to the text, online publication is significant in that（分数：4.00）A.it provides an easier access to scientific results.B.i
24、t brings huge profits to scientific researchers.C.it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.D.it facilitates public investment in scientific research.(4).With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to（分数：4.00）A.cover the cost of its publication.B.subscribe t
25、o the journal publishing it.C.allow other online journals to use it freely.D.complete the peer-review before submission.(5).Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?（分数：4.00）A.The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.B.A new mode of publication is emerging.C.Authors welc
26、ome the new channel for publication.D.Publication is rendered easier by online service.五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)In spite of “endless talk of difference“, American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness a
27、nd absence of deference“ characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption“ launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite“ these were stores “
28、anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.“ The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization. Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly pois
29、onous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today“s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for
30、every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilationlanguage, home ownership and intermarriage. The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English “well“ or “
31、very well“ after ten years of residence.“ The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.“ Hence the description of America as a “graveyard“ for languages. By 1996 foreign-born i
32、mmigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans. Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.“ By the third generation, one third of Hispanic w
33、omen are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians. Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United
34、 States remain somehow immune to the nation“s assimilative power.“ Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America“s turbulent past, today“s social indices hardly suggest a dark and
35、 deteriorating social environment.（分数：20.00）(1).The word “homogenizing“ (Para. 1) most probably means（分数：4.00）A.identifying.B.associating.C.assimilating.D.monopolizing.(2).According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century（分数：4.00）A.played a role in the spread of popular culture.B.be
36、came intimate shops for common consumers.C.satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.D.owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.(3).The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S.（分数：4.00）A.are resistant to homogenization.B.exert a great influence on American culture.C.are hardly a thre
37、at to the common culture.D.constitute the majority of the population.(4).Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?（分数：4.00）A.To prove their popularity around the world.B.To reveal the public“s fear of immigrants.C.To give examples of successful immigrants.D.To show the
38、 powerful influence of American culture.(5).In the author“s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is（分数：4.00）A.rewarding.B.successful.C.fruitless.D.harmful.六、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Americans today don“t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers,
39、 and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical educationnot to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren“t difficult to find. “Schools have always been in a society where practical
40、is more important than intellectual,“ says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.“ Ravitch“s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the Amer
41、ican distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate
42、in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.“ “Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,“ writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pu
43、litzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence
44、have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 ye
45、ars and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.“ Mark Twain“s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilizedgoing to school and learning to readso he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is diffe
46、rent from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines. School remains a pla
47、ce where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country“s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.“（分数：20.00）(1).What do American parent
48、s expect their children to acquire in school?（分数：4.00）A.The habit of thinking independently.B.Profound knowledge of the world.C.Practical abilities for future career.D.The confidence in intellectual pursuits.(2).We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of（分数：4.00）A.undervaluing intel
49、lect.B.favoring intellectualism.C.supporting school reform.D.suppressing native intelligence.(3).The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are（分数：4.00）A.identical.B.similar.C.complementary.D.opposite.(4).Emerson, according to the text, is probably（分数：4.00）A.a pioneer of education reform.B.an opponent of intellectualism.C.a scholar in favor of intellect.D.an advocate of regular schooling.(5).What does the author think of intellect?（分数：4.00）A.It is second to intelligence.B.It evolves from common sense.C.It is to be pursued.D.It underlies power.七、Text 5(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Of all the changes
