1、考研英语(一)-32 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention
2、to stay, and who would make some money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio“
3、, birds of passage. Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and
4、the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don“t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. W
5、e might then begin to solve our immigration challenges. Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today“s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas.
6、 They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another. With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a w
7、hile without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably. Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the
8、culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.（分数：20.00）(1).“Birds of passage“ refers to those who（分
9、数：4.00）A.find permanent jobs overseas.B.leave their home countries for good.C.immigrate across the Atlantic.D.stay in a foreign country temporarily.(2).It is implied in Paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US（分数：4.00）A.needs new immigrant categories.B.has loosened control over immi
10、grants.C.should be adapted to meet challenges.D.has been fixed via political means.(3).According to the author, today“s birds of passage want（分数：4.00）A.financial incentives.B.a global recognition.C.opportunities to get regular jobs.D.the freedom to stay and leave.(4).The author suggests that the bir
11、ds of passage today should be treated（分数：4.00）A.as faithful partners.B.with legal tolerance.C.with economic favors.D.as mighty rivals.(5).The most appropriate title for this text would be（分数：4.00）A.Come and Go: Big MistakeB.Living and Thriving: Great RiskC.Legal or Illegal: Big MistakeD.With or with
12、out: Great Risk四、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The US $ 3-million Fundamental Physics Prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year“s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of luc
13、rative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their weal
14、th to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science. What“s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awa
15、rds are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.
16、The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research. As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizesboth new and oldar
17、e distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation“s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of moder
18、n researchas will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, h
19、as given them legitimacy. As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. It is fa
20、ir to criticize and question the mechanismthat is the culture of research, after allbut it is the prize-givers“ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.（分数：20.00）(1).The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as（分数：4.00）A.a symbol of the entrepreneurs“ weal
21、th.B.a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.C.an example of bankers“ investments.D.a handsome reward for researchers.(2).The critics think that the new awards will most benefit（分数：4.00）A.the profit-oriented scientists.B.the founders of the new awards.C.the achievement-based system.D.peer-review-
22、led research.(3).The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves（分数：4.00）A.controversies over the recipients“ status.B.the joint effort of modern researchers.C.legitimate concerns over the new prizes.D.the demonstration of research findings.(4).According to Paragraph 4, which of th
23、e following is true of the Nobels?（分数：4.00）A.Their endurance has done justice to them.B.Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.C.They are the most representative honor.D.History has never cast doubt on them.(5).The author believes that the new awards are（分数：4.00）A.acceptable despite the criticism
24、.B.harmful to the culture of research.C.subject to undesirable changes.D.unworthy of public attention.五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The mythology of a culture can provide some vital insights into the beliefs and values of that culture. By using fantastic and sometimes incredible stories to create an oral
25、tradition by which to explain the wonders of the natural world and teach lessons to younger generations, a society exposes those ideas and concepts held most important. Just as important as the final lesson to be gathered from the stories, however, are the characters and the roles they play in conve
26、ying that message. Perhaps the epitome of mythology and its use as a tool to pass on cultural values can be found in Aesop“s Fables, told and retold during the era of the Greek Empire. Aesop, a slave who won the favor of the court through his imaginative and descriptive tales, almost exclusively use
27、d animals to fill the roles in his short stories. Humans, when at all present, almost always played the part of bumbling fools struggling to learn the lesson being presented. This choice of characterization allows us to see that the Greeks placed wisdom on a level slightly beyond humans, implying th
28、at deep wisdom and understanding is a universal quality sought by, rather than stealing from, human beings. Aesop“s fables illustrated the central themes of humility and self-reliance, reflecting the importance of those traits in early Greek society. The folly of humans was used to contrast against
29、the ultimate goal of attaining a higher level of understanding and awareness of truths about nature and humanity. For example, one notable fable features a fox repeatedly trying to reach a bunch of grapes on a very high vine. After failing at several attempts, the fox gives up, making up its mind th
30、at the grapes were probably sour anyway. The fable“s lesson, that we often play down that which we can“t achieve so as to make ourselves feel better, teaches the reader or listener in an entertaining way about one of the weaknesses of the human psyche. The mythology of other cultures and societies r
31、eveal the underlying traits of their respective cultures just as Aesop“s fables did. The stories of Roman gods, Aztec ghosts and European elves all served to train ancient generations those lessons considered most important to their community, and today they offer a powerful looking glass by which t
32、o evaluate and consider the contextual environment in which those culture existed.（分数：20.00）(1).The author appears to view fables as（分数：4.00）A.the most interesting and valuable form of mythology.B.entertaining yet serious subjects of study.C.a remnant tool of past civilizations, but not often used i
33、n the modern age.D.the primary method by which ancient values and ideas were transmitted between generations.(2).The way that fables were used in the past is most similar to today“s（分数：4.00）A.fairy tales that entertain children at home.B.stories in children“s school textbooks that reinforce the less
34、on.C.science documentaries that explain how nature works.D.movies that depict animals as having human characteristics.(3).The main purpose of Paragraph 3 is to（分数：4.00）A.examine how one of Aesop“s fables sheds light on certain facets of Greek belief.B.dissect one of Aesop“s fables in order to study
35、the elements that make up Greek mythology.C.learn from the lesson Presented in one of Aesop“s most well-known fables.D.illustrate a fable typical of Aesop“s style, so as to examine how one goes about studying the meaning behind it.(4).The author names the Roman, Aztec and European cultures in order
36、to（分数：4.00）A.identify other cultures in which fables were the primary method by which to pass on traditions and values.B.explicitly name the various types of characters in those culture“s fables.C.stress that mythology was used by cultures other than the Greeks to convey societal morals.D.establish
37、them, in addition to the Greeks, as the societies most notable for their mythology.(5).The main point of this text is（分数：4.00）A.Aesop“s fables provide a valuable glimpse into early Greek thought and beliefs.B.the most efficient and reliable way to study the values system of an ancient culture is thr
38、ough study of its mythology.C.without a thorough examination of a society“s fables and other mythology, a cultural study on that society would be only partial.D.through the study of a culture“s mythological tradition, one can discern some of the underlying beliefs that shaped those stories.六、Text 4(
39、总题数：1，分数：20.00)“The Heart of the Matter,“ the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report“
40、s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good. In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, fou
41、ndations, educators, individual benefactors and others“ to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.“ In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission“s 51 members are top-tier-unive
42、rsity presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism. The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports fu
43、ll literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula tha
44、t improve students“ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, internatio
45、nal affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs. Unfortunately, despite （分数：20.00）(1).According to Paragraph 1, what is the author“s attitude toward the AAAS“s report?（分数：4.00）A.Critical.B.Appreciative.C.Contemptuous.D.Tolerant.(2).Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS re
46、port on how to（分数：4.00）A.retain people“s interest in liberal education.B.define the government“s role in education.C.keep a leading position in liberal education.D.safeguard individuals“ rights to education.(3).According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests（分数：4.00）A.an exclusive study of American hi
47、story.B.a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects.C.the application of emerging technologies.D.funding for the study of foreign languages.(4).The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are（分数：4.00）A.supportive of free markets.B.cautious about intellectual investigation.C.conservative about p
48、ublic policy.D.biased against classical liberal ideas.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（分数：4.00）A.Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter“B.Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter“C.The AAAS“s Contribution to Liberal EducationD.Progressive Policy vs. Liberal Ed
49、ucation七、Text 5(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Ask just about any high school senior or junior in Americaor their parentsand they“ll tell you that getting into a selective college is harder than it used to be. They“re right about that. But the reasons for the newfound difficulty are not well understood. Population growth plays a role, but the number of teenagers is not too much higher than it was 30 years ago, when the youngest baby boomers were still applying to college. And while many more Americans attend college than in the past, most of the growth has occurred at colleges with relatively few resou
