1、考研英语(一)-37 (1)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.Food and oxygen pass easily from mother to fetus (an unborn baby). Now it seems that fleeting sadness
2、 or happiness is also U U 1 /U /Uto an unborn baby. Stress or depression in pregnancy can U U 2 /U /Ua fetus, but less is known about the U U 3 /U /Uof transient emotions. To U U 4 /U /U, Kazuyuki Shinohara and colleagues at Nagasaki University in Japan showed 10 pregnant volunteers a cheery 5-minut
3、e clip from the musical The Sound of Music. Another 14 watched a tear-jerking 5 minutes from The Champ. Each clip was sandwiched between two “neutral“ samples U U 5 /U /Uthe team could U U 6 /U /Uany changes in fetal movements against a baseline.The women listened to the films through headphones to
4、U U 7 /U /Uthat only the effect of their U U 8 /U /U, not the sounds, were being measured. “Fetuses can hear by the last three months,“ says Shinohara. The team U U 9 /U /Uthe number of arm, leg and whole body movements U U 10 /U /Uultrasound and found that during the happy film clip the fetuses mov
5、ed their arms U U 11 /U /Umore than when the pregnant women watched a neutral clip. U U 12 /U /U, the fetuses of sad women moved their arms less.What makes the U U 13 /U /Uof happy mothers wave isnt clear. U U 14 /U /U, such movement is a(n) U U 15 /U /Uof a working nervous and motor system, says Al
6、exander Heazell at the University of Manchester, UK. He says the study offers us insights into how U U 16 /U /Uinfluences affect fetuses. Shinohara suggests that sad- ness U U 17 /U /Umore of the “fight or flight“ hormone, which redirects blood away from the uterus. The fetus diverts the reduced blo
7、od U U 18 /U /Uto its brain and heart and away from its limbs. U U 19 /U /Uits too early to use the study to U U 20 /U /Uwomen.（分数：10.00）(1). A. transacted B. transmitted C. interpreted D. imposed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2). A. harm B. provide C. assist D. generate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3). A. profits B. advant
8、ages C. utilities D. effects（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4). A. certificate B. investigate C. advertise D. experience（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5). A. in that B. as if C. even if D. so that（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6). A. calculate B. prevent C. measure D. counter（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7). A. ensure B. confirm C. realize D. witness
9、（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8). A. movements B. emotions C. hearings D. boundaries（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9). A. demonstrated B. indicated C. counted D. broadcasted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10). A. like B. as C. on D. via（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11). A. magnificently B. significantly C. ordinarily D. generally（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12
10、). A. Meanwhile B. Thereby C. Moreover D. Hence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13). A. bodies B. limbs C. heads D. fetuses（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14). A. On the contrary B. In other words C. However D. Otherwise（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15). A. outcome B. protection C. indicator D. favour（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16). A. tremendous B.
11、 external C. interior D. faint（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17). A. assimilates B. releases C. enhances D. diminishes（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18). A. demand B. circulation C. assignment D. supply（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19). A. Furthermore B. So C. Even D. But（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20). A. advise B. distract C. amuse D. ridicule（
12、分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、BSection Readi(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、BPart A/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、BText 1/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A new book by a former lawyer at Kirkland unlike tulips and other speculative bubbles in the past, lawyers will always be a necessity not a fad. But then, The Very, Very Challenging Job Market for Law
13、yers doesnt have the same ring to it.（分数：10.00）(1).The book The Lawyer Bubble: A Profession in Crisis _. A. has rattled legal profession. B. is an exaggeration of the situation. C. has caused deeper concern. D. is a big blow to legal profession.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following statements
14、is true of paragraph 2? A. The decline of legal profession is driven by economic recession. B. Globalization has posed a tremendous impact on lawyers in America. C. Many lawyers are unemployed with the introduction of legal software. D. The downturn of legal profession is the outcome of a bunch of f
15、actors:（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).It can be inferred in paragraph 3 that a degree in law has _. A. always been difficult to finish and complete. B. enabled law graduates to secure decent jobs. C. actually hampered some graduates in the job market. D. overqualified students for their future jobs.（分数：2.00）A
16、.B.C.D.(4).According to Steven J. Harper, _. A. leaders in the legal profession are not to blame. B. the legal profession will burst like a bubble. C. the inequity in the profession should be adjusted. D. lawyers are actually a fad not a necessity.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The author thinks that Harpers
17、argument in the book is _. A. alarming yet exaggerating. B. disputable yet reasonable. C. controversial and doubtable. D. correct and reasonable.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、BText 2/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Every day, employees make decisions about whether to act like givers or like takers. When they act like givers,
18、 they contribute to others without seeking anything in return. They might offer assistance, share knowledge, or make valuable introductions. When they act like takers, they try to get other people to serve their ends while carefully guarding their own expertise and time.Organizations have a strong i
19、nterest in fostering giving behavior. A willingness to help others achieve their goals lies at the heart of effective collaboration, innovation, quality improvement, and service excellence. In workplaces where such behavior becomes the norm, the benefits multiply quickly.But even as leaders recogniz
20、e the importance of generous behavior and call for more of it, workers receive mixed messages about the advisability of acting in the interests of others. As a matter of fact, various situations put employees against one another, encouraging them to undercut rather than support their colleagues effo
21、rts. Even without a dog-eat-dog scoring system, strict delineation of responsibilities and a focus on individual performance metrics can cause a “not my job“ mentality to take hold.As employees look around their organizations for models of success, they encounter further reasons to be wary of genero
22、sity. A study by the Stanford professor Frank Flynn highlighted this problem. When he examined patterns of favor exchange among the engineers in one company, he found that the least- productive engineers were givers-workers who had done many more favors for others than theyd received. I made a simil
23、ar discovery in a study of salespeople: The ones who generated the least revenue reported a particularly strong concern for helping others.This creates a challenge for managers. Can they promote generosity without cutting into productivity and undermining fairness? How can they avoid creating situat
24、ions where already-generous people give away too much of their attention while selfish coworkers feel they have even more license to take? How, in short, can they protect good people from Ubeing treated like doormats/U?Part of the solution must involve targeting the takers in the organization-provid
25、ing incentives for them to collaborate and establishing repercussions for refusing reasonable requests. But even more important, my research suggests, is helping the givers act on their generous impulses more productively. The key is for employees to gain a more subtle understanding of what generosi
26、ty is and is not. Givers are better positioned to succeed when they distinguish generosity from three other attributes-timidity, availability, and empathy-that tend to travel with it.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the author, givers are characterized by being _. A. sharing. B. selfless. C. productive. D
27、. collaborative.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).We know from paragraph 3 that _. A. leaders fail to appreciate the value of giving behavior. B. workers are encouraged to provide mutual support. C. many working environment discourages generosity. D. employees are told to mind their own businesses only.（分数：2.00）
28、A.B.C.D.(3).Prof. Frank Flynns study has found that _. A. employees are wary of generosity in the workplace. B. there are more takers than givers among the engineers. C. takers are the most productive among the employees. D. generosity seems to be an obstacle to productivity.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The
29、 phrase “being treated like doormats“ (Last Line, Para. 5) implies that _. A. the takers have posed a challenge for the managers. B. the takers are praised for their high productivity. C. the givers have been unfairly taken advantage of. D. the givers have been blamed for low productivity.（分数：2.00）A
30、.B.C.D.(5).In the authors view, the most important way to solve the problem under discussion is to _. A. take some measures to make takers be more collaborative. B. reasonably refuse or turn down some requests of the takers. C. ask the givers to get rid of being timid, available as well as sympathet
31、ic. D. make the concept of generosity well understood and practised by employees.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、BText 3/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Texting has long been lamented as the downfall of the written word, U“penmanship for illiterates,“/U one critic called it. To which the proper response is LOL. Texting properl
32、y isnt writing at all-its actually more akin to spoken language. And its a “spoken“ language that is getting richer and more complex by the year.Historically, talking came first; writing is just an artifice that came along later. While talk is largely subconscious and rapid, writing is deliberate an
33、d slow. Over time, writers took advantage of this and started crafting sentences such as this one, from The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: “The whole engagement lasted above 12 hours, till the gradual retreat of the Persians was changed into a disorderly flight, of which the shameful example
34、was given by the principal leaders and the Surenas himself. “No one talks like that casually-or should. But it is natural to desire to do so for special occasions. In the old days, we didnt much write like talking because there was no mechanism to reproduce the speed of conversation. But texting and
35、 instant messaging do-and a revolution has begun. It involves the brute mechanics of writing, but in its economy, spontaneity and even vulgarity, texting is actually a new kind of talking. There is a virtual cult of concision and little interest in capitalization or punctuation. The argument that te
36、xting is “poor writing“ is analogous, then, to one that the Rolling Stones is “bad music“ because it doesnt use violas.Texting is developing its own kind of grammar. Take LOL. It doesnt actually mean “laughing out loud“ in a literal sense anymore. LOL has evolved into something much subtler and soph
37、isticated and is used even when nothing is remotely amusing. Jocelyn texts “Where have you been?“ and Annabelle texts back “LOL at the library studying for two hours.“ LOL signals basic empathy between texters, easing tension and creating a sense of equality. Instead of having a literal meaning, it
38、does something conveying an attitudejust like the -ed ending conveys past tense rather than “meaning“ anything. LOL, of all things, is grammar.Civilization is finepeople banging away on their smartphones are fluently using a code separate from the one they use .in actual writing, and there is no evi
39、dence that texting is ruining composition skills. Worldwide people speak differently from the way they write, and texting-quick, casual and only intended to be read onceis actually a way of talking with your fingers.（分数：10.00）(1).The phrase “penmanship for illiterates“ (Line 1, Para. 1) implies that
40、 _. A. texting is language degradation. B. texting is a disgrace to literature. C. texting is responsible for illiteracy. D. texting is more spoken than written.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the text, which of the following statements is true of writing? A. Writing is merely a duplicate of talki
41、ng. B. Writing is less important than talking. C. Writing is formal and carefully-worded. D. Writing was separated from talking in the past.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The Rolling Stones is cited in paragraph 3 to _. A. criticize the vulgarity of rock music. B. indicate that texting is a revolution. C. imp
42、ly that texting is no poor writing. D. show the cult of concision in texting.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).We learn from the text that texting is _. A. more delicate and complicated than writing. B. different from writing in grammatical uses. C. responsible for the degradation of writing skills. D. more of “
43、talking“ style than “writing“ style.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The authors attitude towards texting is one of _. A. criticism. B. approval. C. skepticism. D. objectiveness.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.七、BText 4/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Money corrupts, they say, and now theres a study that shows why people get so sneaky when
44、it comes to making a profit. The research, which was published in the journal Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, revealed that people doubled the number of lies they told in order to earn extra cash if they were first prompted to think about money.The study involved more than 300
45、business students who participated in several experiments, all of which showed that cuing people to consider money increased either unethical intentions or actions. “Our research suggests that we may be vulnerable to some influences that were not aware of,“ says study co-author Kristen Smith-Crowe,
46、“Our moral behavior may be affected by things in the environment that we have no idea are affecting us.“ “The main point is a wow finding-that small and unnoticeable reminders of money can produce lying, cheating, and essentially stealing 10 minutes later. That is really fascinating,“ says Kathleen
47、Vohs, professor of marketing at the University of Minnesota, who has conducted similar research but was not associated with this study.Why would thoughts of money increase misbehavior? “Money cues trigger this business decision frame like seeing the world only through a cost/benefit analysis and the significance is that were not considering other things like moral issues,“ says Smith-Crowe.The research adds to prior work connecting wealth, greed and unethic
