1、考研英语(一)-39 及答案解析(总分：99.98，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Directions:(总题数：5，分数：100.00)A. No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regu
2、lar time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees. B. His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that ar
3、e going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. But most
4、find it difficult to agree on what a “general education“ should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read“they form a sort of social glue. C. Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school.
5、 There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor“s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at th
6、e end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained. D. One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations
7、and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking
8、 on a professional qualification. E. Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalized the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but
9、 faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalization, argue
10、s Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.“ So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge. F. The key to reforming higher educa
11、tion, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.“ Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.“ Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need
12、 to become less exclusionary and more holistic.“ Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand does not say. G. The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. Th
13、ey may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully. Order: G 1 2 E 3 4 5 （分数：20.00）A. Some archaeological sites have always been easily observablefor example, th
14、e Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge,
15、 an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s. B. In another case, American archaeologists Retie Million and George Cowgill spen
16、t years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacn in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City at its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city“s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds
17、 of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived. C. How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavati
18、on will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites. D. Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of
19、Copn, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, w
20、hen Copn collapsed. E. To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photo-graphic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologis
21、ts to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields. F. Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can
22、 take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamum existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist S
23、ir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers“ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for ting engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans“s interpretations of those engravings eventually led them to find the Minoan palace at Knosso
24、s (Knos s), on the island of Crete, in 1900. G. Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test
25、 for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dime
26、nsional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research. Order: 6 A 7 E 8 9 10 （分数：20.00）A. The first published sketch, “A Dinner at Poplar Walk“ brought tears to Dickens“s eyes when he discovered it in the pages of T
27、he Monthly Magazine . From then on his sketches, which appeared under the pen name “Boz“ in The Evening Chronicle , earned him a modest reputation. B. The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers , as it is generally known today, secured Dickens“s fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, a
28、nd the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure. C. Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the ide
29、a for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour“s pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the cha
30、nge, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837 and was first published in book form in 1837. D. Charles D
31、ickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer, Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society. E. Soon after his father“s release from prison, Dic
32、kens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get on even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter“s eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or add, submitte
33、d short sketches to obscure magazines. F. Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England“s southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British Navy pay officea respectable position, but with little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper, possessed even less status, havin
34、g been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dickens“s mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dickens“s birth, his mother“s father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family“s increasing poverty forced Dickens out of sch
35、ool at age 12 to work in Warren“s Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polishing factory, where the other working boys mocked him as “the young gentle-man.“ His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father“s imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dickens“s greatest wo
36、und and became his deep secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the acknowledged foundation of his fiction. G. After Pickwick , Dickens plunged into a bleaker wortd. In Oliver Twist , he traces an orphan“s progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London.
37、 Nicholas Nickleby , his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick . The popularity of these novels consolidated Dickens as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters. D 11 12 13 14 B 15 （分数：20.00）A. You may have to impress the company HR represe
38、ntatives as well. HR reps are typically trained to ask very specific and personal questions, like what salary you expect and what you“ve made in the past. They might ask you about your impressions of the company and the people who interviewed you. They might also ask if you have other offers. If so,
39、 chances are good that they are willing to compete for you. But if you say that you have other offers, be prepared to back it up with the who, what and when, because they might challenge you. The HR reps are also the people who will conduct or arrange reference and background checks. They might have
40、 the final say. B. Besides management, you might also interview with one or more of your future coworkers. Regardless of the questions they ask, what they most really want to know is how well you“ll fit into the team, if you“ll cause them more work instead of less, and if they should feel threatened
41、 by you. When answering, be eager enough to show that you are a good team player and will pull your load, but not so eager as to appear to be a back-stabbing ladder climber! C. Always research a company before you interview, and remember that attire, body language and manners count, big time. Try to
42、 avoid common mistakes. You may think that this is common sense, but crazy stuff really happens! D. Job interviewing is one of the most popular career topics on the Web. But no career advisor can tell you exactly what to say during a job interview. Interviews are just too up-close and personal for t
43、hat. About the best that career advisors can do, is to give you some tips about the typical questions to expect, so you can practice answering them ahead of time. But, while there are many canned interview questions, there are few canned answers. The rest is up to you. E. Be prepared to attend a sec
44、ond interview at the same company, and maybe even a third or fourth. If you“re called back for more interviews, it means that they“re interested in you. But, it doesn“t mean you“re a shoo-in. Most likely, they are narrowing the competition, so keep up the good work! F. To put you somewhat at ease, m
45、any interviewers really don“t know how to interview effectively. Frontline interviewers are typically managers and supervisors who have never been or are barely trained in interviewing techniques. They“re a little nervous too, just like you. Some don“t even prepare in advance. This makes it easier f
46、or you to take control of the interview, if you have prepared. But in controlling an interview, it“s not a good idea to try to dominate. Instead, try to steer it toward landing the job. G. After interviewing, immediately send a thank you letter to each of your interviewers. It“s professional and exp
47、ected, and might even be the deciding factor in your favor. H. Remember, it“s a two-way street. It“s the employer“s chance to judge you, but it“s also very much your chance to judge the employer. In fact, if you handle yourself well and ask the right questions, you“ll put the interviewer in the posi
48、tion of selling the company to you. If this happens, you“re probably doing well. Order: 16 17 18 A 19 20 21 G（分数：19.98）A. I just don“t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We“re in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we“ll probably have to lay
49、 some people off in the near future. It“s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn“tit“s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn“t much you can do about it. B. Finally, I can“t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it“s not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the s
