1、考研英语(一)-541 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Laptops in the classroom enhance the academic performance of students. They do in fact allow students to do more, like engage in online activities and demonstrations, 1 more easily on papers and projects, access information f
2、rom the Internet. 2 , because students can type 3 faster than they can write, those who use laptops in the classroom tend to take more notes. Obviously it is 4 to draft more complete notes that precisely capture the course content. 5 , a new research demonstrates that students, writing out their not
3、es on paper, actually learn more because they have a stronger conceptual 6 . Across some experiments, taking notes by hand requires different types of cognitive processing, and these different processes have 7 for learning. Writing by hand is slower and more 8 than typing, and students cannot possib
4、ly write down every word in a lecture. 9 , they listen, digest, and 10 so that they can capture the 11 of the information. Thus, taking notes by hand forces the brain to engage in some heavy “mental 12 ,“ and these efforts foster comprehension and retention. 13 , when typing students can easily prod
5、uce a written record of the lecture without processing its meaning, 14 faster typing speeds allow students to 15 a lecture word for word without devoting much thought to the content. 16 altering students“ cognitive processes and reducing learning, laptops pose other 17 in the classroom. In most typi
6、cal college settings, Internet access is 18 , and evidence suggests that when college students use laptops, they spend 40% of class time using applications 19 to coursework and are distracted for half the class. They are more likely to 20 up task and less satisfied with their education.（分数：10.00）A.c
7、ollectB.correspondC.collaborateD.coordinateA.IndeedB.LikewiseC.HoweverD.FurthermoreA.likelyB.significantlyC.typicallyD.minutelyA.conscientiousB.ambiguousC.harmoniousD.advantageousA.MoreoverB.ThereforeC.HoweverD.OtherwiseA.retainingB.understandingC.believingD.acknowledgingA.consequencesB.conclusionsC
8、.contributionsD.concernsA.compactedB.condensedC.complicatedD.confusedA.InsteadB.SoC.MeanwhileD.HenceA.abstractB.summarizeC.abridgeD.superviseA.qualityB.necessityC.contentD.essenceA.lickingB.linkingC.liftingD.listingA.By contrastB.By conventionC.By comparisonD.By analogyA.ifB.asC.whenD.thoughA.transf
9、ormB.transmitC.translateD.transcribeA.BeyondB.BesideC.BetweenD.BehindA.threadsB.thrillsC.thrustsD.threatsA.constrainedB.availableC.indifferentD.profitableA.confinedB.comparableC.unrelatedD.superiorA.figureB.fixC.fillD.fall二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10
10、.00)Come July 29th, Windows 10Microsoft“s successor to its ho-hum Windows 8/8.1 operating system (OS)will be roiled out to original-equipment manufacturers and certain privileged users. Giving Windows 10 away to qualified usersinstead of charging the usual upgrade feewill be a powerful incentive enc
11、ouraging Windows users to embrace the latest version within the coming year. For Microsoft, Windows 10 comes not before time. While nowhere near the unmitigated disaster of Vista, Windows 8 has been a big disappointment for the company. Microsoft managed to alienate whole swathes of customers with W
12、indows 8. The problem was not the underlying operating system, but the radically different interface users were forced to endure. This was built around a start-screen showing programs running in the background, which could be accessed by poking a finger at the appropriate “live-tile“ on a touch-sens
13、itive screen. Microsoft made two blunders when designing this interface. First, it ignored the many lessons distilled from decades of users“ experience with Windows. The firm“s assumption was that touching objects on a screen was a more intuitive way of interacting with a computer than using a mouse
14、 and a keyboard. But it ignored the numerous tricks and shortcuts users had acquired over the yearsand grown accustomed to expect-while mousing around a computer screen and clicking on icons to make things happen. The other mistake the company made was to imagine all platforms capable of running Win
15、dows 8. This sought to encourage sales by making it easier for people to move from one Windows appliance to another. All customers, whether for phone apps, video games or computer software, could then be serviced through the same Microsoft online store. To make this grand plan a reality, a touch-cen
16、tric approach was deemed essential. Thus, the die was cast. Touch works fine with smart phones and tablets, which are grasped in one hand and poked with the othermostly while the device is held flat. With the larger, vertical displays of laptops and desktop PCs, however, the touch-centric approach o
17、f Windows 8 proved a frustrating, arm-aching anathema. A chastened Microsoft has gone out of its way to show it has learned its lesson. One way it has done so is to skip what was to be the next iteration of the OS, and leapfrog directly from Windows 8.1 to Windows 10as if to signal a break with the
18、recent past and to herald a fresh start. As a final note, there will be no Windows 11 nor 12. Instead, critical updates, security patches and software additions will be made available to Windows 10 users, rather than being accumulated for some future “service pack“ or whole new release. Hopefully, a
19、s venerable and useful a workhorse as long-lived Windows XP.（分数：10.00）(1).What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?（分数：2.00）A.The launch of Windows 10 is untimely.B.Vista“s sales have been worse than Windows 8“s.C.Users embrace Windows 8“s start-screen.D.Windows 10 users like those “live tiles“ on the
20、screen.(2).Which of the following is responsible for Windows 8“s interface design?（分数：2.00）A.A sudden loss of popularity with mouses and keyboards among users.B.A quick adaptation of Windows users to a new interface.C.The replacement of users“ intuitive way by a touch-sensitive screen.D.The failure
21、to notice users“ long time experience with mouse and keyboard.(3).The big plan of Microsoft was _.（分数：2.00）A.that different Windows devices can obtain services from one online storeB.that Windows 10 will be as popular as Windows 8C.to show the break of Windows 10 with Windows XPD.to make users accus
22、tomed to touching the screen(4).A touch-sensitive screen of a PC is troublesome in that _.（分数：2.00）A.it becomes too difficult to hold the screenB.using the touch approach needs moving armsC.people have adapted to poking smart phones and tablesD.vertical displays are used less often than flat held ap
23、pliances(5).According to the author, Windows 10 is so named to mean _.（分数：2.00）A.fewer next iterations of the OSB.more new future releasesC.an end to its line and a new startD.Microsoft“s ignorance of its lessons五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)America“s workers have seen better days. Over the past decade pr
24、ivate-sector wages have grown at an average yearly rate of just 0.3 % after accounting for inflation. One response, embraced by Barack Obama this week, is to oblige firms to grant 5m more workers “overtime pay“1.5 times their normal wagefor any period they work in excess of 40 hours a week. Hillary
25、Clinton, the probable Democratic candidate for president, called it “a win for our economy and workers“. The economic evidence behind the policy, though, does not justify her enthusiasm. The Fair Labour Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938 fixes a threshold salary above which workers are not entitled to ove
26、rtime. The intention is to strip out managers and supervisors who, the argument goes, are harder to coerce into working unreasonable hours and are well compensated for their trouble anyway. But the exemption has not kept pace with inflation. It is now $ 23, 660 a year, below the poverty line for a f
27、amily of four ($ 24, 250). The proportion of full-time salaried workers eligible for overtime pay has fallen from 62% in 1975 to 8% today. Mr Obama plans to increase the threshold to $ 50, 440 a year by executive order, and to tie it to the 40th percentile of earnings, so that it gradually rises alo
28、ng with wages. If businesses reacted passively to the new policy and followed it to the letter, it would make middleclass workers roughly $10 billion richer. Things will not work out so simply, however. Accidentally or deliberately, employers often fail to pay overtime. The Economic Policy Institute
29、, a left-leaning think-tank, estimates that after accounting for other types of “wage theft“ low-wage workers miss out on $ 50 billion each year. The Department of Labour has cooked up a down-on-his-luck cartoon character, Jason, to increase awareness of the rules. It wants people to tell it what “g
30、etting paid overtime (would) mean to you“. Even if the new policy can be enforced, opponents say it risks altering hiring policies. If bosses know how many hours each week they intend to employ someone (including overtime), they may reduce the base wage they pay new recruits so that the total amount
31、 they end up forking out is just the same. Cutting the nominal salaries of already-employed workers is tough, so some companies may simply stop them from working overtime to avoid the extra costs. Such firms may well stock up on new employees to fill the resulting gaps. But if the only effect of Mr
32、Obama“s plan is to create lots more low-paid jobs, he will presumably consider it a failure.（分数：10.00）(1).From the 2nd paragraph, a threshold salary is taken to prevent the overtime of _.（分数：2.00）A.common workersB.those below the poverty lineC.those above $ 50,440 a yearD.senior executives(2).Which
33、is true according to Paragraph 3?（分数：2.00）A.Roughly speaking, middle-class workers will be $10 billion richer.B.Low-wage workers lose $ 50 billion annually, excluding the “wage thefts“.C.Jason is fabricated to make the rules of overtime pay better known to workers.D.Businesses, as a rule, tend to ma
34、ke a positive response to the new policy.(3).What is the probable consequence if the new policy is followed?（分数：2.00）A.Bosses may pay new employees less to keep the total amount of salaries unchanged.B.Lower-wage workers working overtime will be a common scene.C.Stopping all workers from working ove
35、rtime can avoid the extra costs.D.Mr. Obama may change the hiring policies once enacting the new policy.(4).What is the author“s attitude towards Mr. Obama“s plan?（分数：2.00）A.Indifferent.B.Sardonic.C.Critical.D.Supportive.(5).What is the best title of this text?（分数：2.00）A.Mr. Obama“s New PolicyB.A Mi
36、ddle-Class IllusionC.A Win for Overtime PayD.Hillary Clinton“s Wrong Enthusiasm六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Corals are approaching a brink. Warming oceans, acidification and a constellation of other man-made stressors mean coral reefs may face extinction within the century. And with around 25 percent of
37、all sea life, dependent on the health of coral reefs, if the corals go down, they“re taking a huge swath of marine biodiversity with them. But in a paper published in the journal Science, a team of scientists made a hopeful discovery: Heat tolerance in corals can be inherited, and at a remarkably hi
38、gh rate of success too; 87 percent of all differences in survival rates among the heat-stressed coral they studied was explained by how heat-tolerant the corals“ parents were. “This implies that heat tolerance could not only evolve, but evolve fast,“ explained Mikhail Matz, an associate professor of
39、 integrative biology and an author on the paper. In other words, some corals are already capable of genetically adapting to warmer oceans. If heat-tolerant coral parents can have heat-tolerant coral babies, then interbreeding between more and less heat-tolerant corals has the potential to help genet
40、ically rescue the next generation of a colony. Humans, the authors posit, could potentially harness the natural genetic variation among corals to help save them. More resilient coral could be born out of “something as simple as exchange of coral immigrants across latitudes,“ said Line Bay, an evolut
41、ionary ecologist and another author on the paper. If humans strategically move heat-tolerant, reproductively active corals to vulnerable reefs, the process of “genetic rescue“ might be jump-started. “This is occasion for hope and optimism about coral reefs and the marine life that thrive there,“ Mat
42、z said. Meanwhile, a multitude of other problems face coral reefs. For example, as the paper notes, corals live a long time; from decades to centuries. With climate change poised to measurably warm and acidified oceans within the next several decades, and pollution causing oxygen depletion and “dead
43、 zones“ in some areas, “it has been argued that in such long-lived organisms acclimatization rather than genetic adaptation will play the leading role in their response to climate change,“ the paper reads. In other words, to save reefs, something needs to be done for the coral that already exist. “E
44、xisting genetic variation is by no means a magic bullet that will solve the problem once and for all,“ Matz said. “The good news is that genetic variation will buy us some time; but it will eventually “run out“ when the warming progresses beyond the high levels seen now in natural populations. So if
45、 we want to save corals (as well as the rest of biodiversity) we will still need to come up with a solution to curb global warming as a global problem.“（分数：10.00）(1).The present situation of coral reefs will eventually lead to _.（分数：2.00）A.the poor health of coralsB.the extinction of all sea lifeC.t
46、he extinction of coral reefsD.a vast damage to marine biodiversity(2).What“s the implication we can get from the discovery the team of scientists made?（分数：2.00）A.The possibility to inherit heat tolerance in corals.B.The explanation by heat-tolerance in the corals“ parents.C.The capability of some co
47、rals to genetically adapt to warmer oceans.D.The ability of corals to develop heat tolerance only gradually.(3).From Paragraph 4, we can conclude that _.（分数：2.00）A.humans can rescue corals simply by using the natural genetic variationsB.more adaptable corals could be immigrated to new reefs across l
48、atitudesC.coral babies could be rescued by interbreeding between heat-tolerant parentsD.humans can save corals by removing them to vulnerable reefs(4).The word “acclimatization“ (Line 4, Para. 6) probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.climateB.accustomationC.adoptionD.change(5).In the eyes of Matz, a magic bul
49、let would be _.（分数：2.00）A.an approach to keeping the climatic change under control as a wholeB.the genetic variation that could survive the global warmingC.a means of making the genetic rescue once for allD.the genetic variation that could give us more time七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Even as shoppers flock to the Internet to get the skinny on everything they want to buy, many wealthy patrons still prefer the traditional method. They want to go to shops, peruse the racks, and have a salesperson help them pick out the perfect item, according to a
