1、考研英语(一)-58 及答案解析(总分：70.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The role of governments in environmental management is deficit but inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often, 1 , governments act in an even more harmful way. They actuall
2、y subsidize the exploitation and 2 of natural resources. A whole 3 of policies, from farm-price support to protection for coal-mining, do environmental damage and often 4 no economic sense. Making good policies offers a two-fold 5 : a cleaner environmentpolilicians and a more efficient economy. Crow
3、th and environmentalism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to 6 the vested interest that subsidies create. No activity affects more of the earth“s surface than farming, h shapes a third of the planet“s land area, not 7 Antarctica, and the proportion is rising. World food o
4、utput per head has risen by 4 percent between the 1970s and 1980s mainly as a result of increases in 8 from land already in 9 , but also because more land has been brought under the plough. Higher yields have been achieved by increased irrigation, better crop breeding, and a 10 in the use of pestici
5、des and chemical fertilizers in the 1970s and 1980s. All these activities may have 11 environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agrieuhure is the largest single 12 of deforestation; chemical fertilizers and pesticides may 13 water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of f
6、allow periods 14 worsen soil erosion; and the spread of monochord and use of high-yielding varieties of euros have been accompanied by the 15 of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some 16 against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both
7、 rich and poor countries. The United States, 17 the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate 18 to diminish the soil“s productivity. The country subsequently 19 a program to convert 11 percent of its cropped land t
8、o meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is 20 much faster than in America.（分数：10.00）A.howeverB.thereforeC.butD.henceA.conjunctionB.compensationC.eousun, ptionD.constitutionA.areaB.rangeC.scopeD.fieldA.takeB.holdC.loseD.makeA.profitB.bonusC.benefitD.prizeA.confrontB.confineC.conformD.confuseA.
9、thinkingB.consideringC.thirstingD.countingA.outputsB.suppliesC.yieldsD.outcomesA.revolutionB.civillzationC.reservationD.euhivationA.doublingB.reducingC.dismissingD.repeatingA.destroyingB.damagingC.injuringD.ruiningA.excuseB.justificationC.causeD.groundA.purifyB.simplifyC.dirtyD.contaminateA.come toB
10、.bring toC.tend toD.stand toA.disappearanceB.discoveryC.dispositionD.disturbanceA.reassuranceB.insuranceC.assuranceD.measureA.whenB.whileC.whichD.whereA.probableB.capableC.likelyD.hopefulA.set upB.embark uponC.build upD.make upA.vanishingB.stayingC.appearingD.dissolving二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：
11、0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Violent criminals with something to hide have more reason than ever to be paranoid about a tap on the shoulder which could send them to jail. Queensland police are working through a backlog of unsolved murders with some dramatic success. Greater co
12、operation between the public and various law enforcement agencies is playing a role, but new genetic-testing techniques are the real key to providing the vital evidence to mount a prosecution. Evidence left behind at the scene of any murder is guaranteed to outlive the person who left it. A blood, s
13、aliva or tissue sample in the size of a pin, kept dry and out of sunlight, will last several thousand years. From it, scientific analysis now can tell accurately the sex of the person who left it. When matched against a sample from a crime suspect, it can indicate with million-to-one certainty wheth
14、er the samples come from the same source. Only twins share identical DNA. So precise is the technology if the biological parents of a suspect agree to provide a sample, forensic scientists can work out the rest for themselves without cooperation from the suspect. Queensland forensic scientists have
15、been using the DNA testing technology since 1992, and last year they were recognized internationally for their competence in positive individual identification. That is part of the reason 20 of Queensland“s most puzzling unsolved murders dating to 1932 are being ac timely investigated. There also ha
16、ve been several recent arrests for unsolved murders. Forensic evidence was instrumental in charges being laid over the bashing death of waitress Tasha Douty on Brampton Island in 1983. Douty“s blood-splattered, naked body was found on a nude sunbathing beach at Dinghy Bay on the island. Footprints i
17、n the sand indicated that the killer had grappled with the 21-year-old mother who had fled up the beach before being caught and beaten to death. According to Leo Freney, the supervising forensic scientist at the John Tonge Centre at Brisbane“s Griffith University, DNA testing has become an invaluabl
18、e tool for police, its use is in identifying and rejecting suspects. In fact, he says, it eliminates more people than it convicts. “ It is easily as good as fingerprints for the purpose of identification, “ he says. “In the case of violent crime it is better than fingerprints. You can“t innocently e
19、xplain things like blood and semen at a crime scene where you may be able to innocently explain fingerprints. “ In Queensland, a person who has been arrested on suspicion of an offence can be taken before a magistrate and ordered to provide a sample of body fluid by :force if necessary.（分数：10.00）(1)
20、.What is implied in the first sentence of Paragraph 1 ?（分数：2.00）A.Law punishments are always slowB.Justice has long armsC.Everyone is equal before the lawD.A burnt child dreads the fire(2).In Queensland, dramatic progress made in investigating unresolved murders is because of_.（分数：2.00）A.the greater
21、 cooperation between suspects and policeB.the simplification of the criminal prosecution processC.forensic scientists“ ability in positive individual identificationD.new techniques in finding footprints of“ murders(3).Evidence left behind at the scene of a crime is all of the following EXCEPT_.（分数：2
22、.00）A.bloodB.tissueC.footprintsD.pin(4).What can be inferred from the text?（分数：2.00）A.Criminal evidence could be kept well in dry and warm placesB.The high accuracy of genetic testing lies in DNA“s uniquenessC.DNA testing provides the vital evidence in Tasha Douty CaseD.Fingerprints are better than
23、DNA to convict suspects(5).By the use of new technology, forensic scientists can_.（分数：2.00）A.work out the result of DNA completely by themselvesB.eliminate more suspects than identify themC.tell the appearance of a murder from the evidence leftD.order the suspect to provide a sample of body fluid by
24、 law五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The objective of the migrant health program of the United States government is to provide grants for the development and enhancement of high quality health care services in rural areas for migrant and seasonal farm workers and their families so as to raise the status of h
25、ealth care for these people to that of the general population. This amelioration can be achieved by providing comprehensive heahh services, which are made aeeessible to people who move frequently, and by improving the physical environment so as to assure healthful living and working conditions where
26、ver workers are located. Grants are available to state and local health departmenls and other nonprofit agencies, organizations, and institutions. These funds can he used for the following purposes: to establish and operate general family health service facilities and clinics; to provide heahh educa
27、tion, training, and sanitation services to upgrade health conditions; and to initiate preventive health services. Preventive care in the form of immunization programs is the oldest aspect of the program. The program further attempts to promote flexibility in locating health services where they will
28、be accessible at times and places convenient to migrant workers and their families. The family heahh care clinic, with additional outreach services by field nurses and aides who visit migrant families in camps and at their homes for counseling and follow-up, constitutes the newest and most significa
29、nt innovation in the initiate preventive health services. However, despite the introduction of innovative approaches, heahh care services for migrant workers are still limited and highly inadequate. Although the migrant health program has no fixed matctling ratio, a grantee is required to pay part o
30、f the cost, which varies from project to project. Many rural counties do not have enough money to cover matching payments, nor do many states consider migran! workers“ health a budget priority. The costsharing requirement limits the potential effectiveness of the program, and literally hundreds of c
31、ommunities with a yearly influx of nngrant workers still lack organized local programs to provide the needed services. A major problem for local or state health agencies is their inability to develop case histories and ongoing communication with migrant workers. Lack of knowledge regarding migrant w
32、orkers“ health needs is another reason for the dearth of services. There has been little communication about health problems among communities, health professionals, and migrant workers themselves. Ignorance of a group“s special needs often leads to exclusion and rejection of that group and its proh
33、lems. This is often the case with migrant workers, as evidenced by the enforcement of state residency requirement. It is, of course, impossible for most migrant workers to meet these requirements and become eligible fro“ existing state and local heahh and welfare aid.（分数：10.00）(1).What does the word
34、 “amelioration“ (Para. 1) most probably mean?（分数：2.00）A.ComplexationB.PopulationC.ImprovementD.Comprehension(2).Which of the following is NOT the purpose of the funds?（分数：2.00）A.Family health servicesB.Education training servicesC.Health education servicesD.Illness-preventive services(3).Which of th
35、e following limits the potential effectiveness of the program?（分数：2.00）A.A grantee need to pay no costB.Many states consider migrant workers“ health a budget priorityC.Migrant workers are not well-organizedD.Many local government can“t afford the part of the cost they should pay(4).Which of the foll
36、owing statements is not true?（分数：2.00）A.Local heahh agencies are unable to build effective communication with migrant workersB.Migrant workers seldom conununicate about health problemsC.Ignorance of the migrant workers“ needs results from exclusionD.The migrant workers still have a long way to meet
37、the requirements(5).What is the author“s attitude toward the migrant health problem?（分数：2.00）A.SubjectiveB.ObjectiveC.PositiveD.Negative六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Occasional self-medication has always been part of normal living. The making and selling of drugs has a long history and is closely linked,
38、like medical practice itself, with the belief in magic. Only during the last hundred years or so has the development of scientific techniques made it possible for some of the causes of symptoms to be understood, so that more accurate diagnosis has become possible. The doctor is now able to follow up
39、 the correct diagnosis of many illnesses with specific treatment of their causes. In many other illnesses, of which the causes remain unknown, it is still limited, like the unqualified prescriber, to the treatment of symptoms. The doctor is trained to decide when to treat symptoms only and when to a
40、ttack the causethis is the essential difference between medical prescribing and self-medication. The advance of technology has brought about much progress in some fields of medicine, including the development of scientific drug therapy. In many countries public health organization is improving and p
41、eople“s nutritional standards have risen. Parallel with such beneficial trends are two which have an adverse effect. One is the use of high-pressure advertising by the pharmaceutical industry, which has tended to influence both patients and doctors and has led to the overuse of drugs generally. The
42、other is the emergence of the sedentary society with its faulty ways of life: lack of exercise, over-eat-ing, unsuitable eating, insufficient sleep, excessive smoking and drinking. People with disorders arising from faulty habits such as these, as well as from unhappy human relationships, often reso
43、rt to self-medication and so add the taking of pharmaceuticals to the list. Advertisers go to great lengths to catch this market. Clever advertising, aimed at chronic sufferers who will try anything because doctors have not been able to cure them, can induce such faith in a preparation, particularly
44、 if steeply priced, that it will produceby suggestiona very real effect in some people. Advertisements are also aimed at people suffering from mild complaints such as simple colds and coughs, which clear up by themselves within a short time. These are the main reasons why laxatives, indigestion reme
45、dies, painkillers, tonics, vitamin and iron tablets and many other preparations are found in quantity in many households. It is doubtful whether taking these things ever improves a person“s health ; it may even make it worse. Worse because the preparation may contain unsuitable ingredients; worse be
46、cause the taker may become dependent on them; worse because they might be taken in excess; worse because they may cause poisoning, and worse of all because symptoms of some serious underlying cause may be masked and therefore medical help may not be sought.（分数：10.00）(1).The first paragraph is intend
47、ed to_.（分数：2.00）A.suggest that self-medication has a long historyB.distinguish between medical prescribing and self-medicationC.praise doctors for their expertiseD.tell the symptoms from the causes(2).Advertisements are aimed at people suffering from mild complaints because_.（分数：2.00）A.they often wa
48、tch ads on TVB.they are more likely to buy the drugs advertisedC.they generally lead a sedentary lifeD.they don“t take to sports and easily catch colds(3).Paragraphs 2 and 3 explain_.（分数：2.00）A.that good things are not without side effectsB.why clever advertising is so powerfulC.why in modern times
49、self-medication is still practicedD.why people develop faulty ways of life(4).The author tells us in paragraph 4_.（分数：2.00）A.the reasons for keeping medicines at homeB.people“s doubt about taking drugsC.why it may be worse to take drugs by oneselfD.the possible harms self-medication may do to people(5).The best title for the passage would be_. A. Medical PracticeB. Clever AdvertisingC. Self-Medication D. Self-Treatment（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Every profession or trade, every art, and every science has its technical vocabulary, the
