1、考研英语(二)-21 (1)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Devil, V8, Anal, Christ: these are among the baby names 1 by New Zealand“s department of internal affairs, who recently 2 a 3 list of those disallowed by registrars in the past ten years. Few decisions are more 4 than the n
2、aming of offspring. Yet laws 5 the choice of both first names and surnames are not 6 around the world. Denmark expects new parents to choose from a register of acceptable names; Portugal lists banned and approved ones. German registrars prohibit the use of most nouns and place-names, and also frown
3、7 any that do not clearly imply a gender: bad luck, Kim. Governments argue that these rules prevent children being 8 with absurd names that may cause them problems in later life. They also aim to block names that might cause 9 to others. In 2009 a couple in New Jersey lost custody of a boy they had
4、named Adolf Hitler. 10 concerns play a role, too. Government databases may struggle with long names: New Zealand allows 100 characters for all first names; the state of Massachusetts has a 11 of 40 for each. Chinese face a particular difficulty: their language has tens of thousands of characters, bu
5、t a name that uses 12 or rare ones can mean computer problems. Whether these decisions make any difference is another matter. A study in 2002 suggested that individuals may be influenced by their first names, without even being 13 of it. A disproportionate number of girls named Georgia live in the A
6、merican state that 14 their name; boys named Dennis may be slightly 15 likely to become dentists than those called Walter (and Georges seem to have a 16 for geology). Academics with surnames in the 17 half of alphabet are more likely to get good university jobs (the authors of papers are listed alph
7、abetically). Ballot papers that list politicians“ names that way also show a 18 effect. But reinvention beckons. Britain“s chancellor was born Gideon Osborne; aged 13, he became George. The UK Deed Poll Service, a legal firm, in 2011 helped 60,000 Britons rename themselves (fees start at 33, around
8、$50); it was only 5,000 a decade before. American courts report similar trends. Some such applicants may wish to 19 their parents“ expectations, while others may regret they were not given a more 20 name.（分数：10.00）A.registeredB.rejectedC.advocatedD.stressedA.announcedB.releasedC.claimedD.emittedA.co
9、mprehensiveB.compositeC.compressiveD.compulsoryA.individualB.specificC.personalD.humaneA.rectifyingB.adjustingC.regulatingD.amendingA.commonB.uncommonC.universalD.commonplaceA.withB.ofC.overD.uponA.imitatedB.intimidatedC.burdenedD.laughedA.inconvenienceB.insultC.panicD.offenceA.EthicalB.Philosophica
10、lC.ScientificD.TechnologicalA.restraintB.constraintC.limitD.confinementA.alternativeB.acquaintedC.archaicD.ambiguousA.conscientiousB.remindedC.consciousD.noticedA.allowsB.sharesC.grantsD.identifiesA.lessB.muchC.moreD.evenA.indicationB.inclinationC.informationD.intelligenceA.formerB.upperC.latterD.lo
11、werA.sameB.positiveC.negativeD.similarA.live up toB.break away fromC.fall short ofD.go contrary toA.memorialB.monumentalC.memorableD.mortal二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Where do good ideas come from? For centuries, all credit for these mysterious g
12、ifts went to faith, fortune and some fair muses. But to assume creativity is some lofty trait enjoyed by the few is both foolish and unproductive, argues Jonah Lehrer in “Imagine“, a smart new book about “how creativity works“. Drawing from a wide array of scientific and sociological researchand eve
13、rything from the poetry of W. H. Auden to the films of Pixarhe makes a convincing case that innovation cannot only be studied and measured, but also numbed and encouraged. Just outside St Paul, Minnesota, sits the corporate headquarters of 3M. The company sells more than 55,000 products, from street
14、lights to computer touch-screens, and is ranked as the third-most innovative in the world. But when Mr. Lehrer visits, he finds employees engaged in all sorts of frivolous activities, such as playing pinball and wandering about the campus. These workers are actually pushed to take regular breaks, as
15、 time away from a problem can help spark a moment of insight. This is because interrupting work with a relaxing activity lets the mind turn inward, where it can subconsciously puzzle over subtle meanings and connections. “That“s why so many insights happen during warm showers,“ says Joydeep Bhattach
16、arya, a psychologist at Goldsmiths, University of London. But this is just one reason for 3M“s creative output. The company also encourages its employees to take risks, not only by spending masses on research (nearly 8% of gross revenue), but also by expecting workers to spend around 15% of their ti
17、me pursuing speculative ideas. Most of these efforts will fail, but some will generate real profit for the company. The reason why this approach worksand why it has been imitated by other crafty companies such as Googleis because many breakthroughs come when people venture beyond their area of exper
18、tise. This is why young people tend to be the most innovative thinkers in nearly any field, from physics to music. The ignorance of youth “comes with creative advantages,“ writes Mr. Lehrer, as the young are less jaded by custom and experience. Still, he reassures readers that anyone can stay creati
19、ve as long as he works “to maintain the perspective of the outsider“. This can be done by considering new problems at work, travelling to new countries or simply spending more time staring “at things we don“t fully understand.“ This is an inspiring and engaging book that reveals creativity as less a
20、 sign of rare genius than a natural human potential. Mr. Lehrer points to William Shakespeare, for example, as someone who was largely a man of his time; the culture of Elizabethan London nurtured quite a few poetsmuch like ancient Athens gave rise to a glut of thinkers and Renaissance Florence insp
21、ired many fine artists. Shakespeare knew his way with a pen, but he also lived in a culture that put a premium on ideas, spread education, introduced new patents for inventions and did not always rigorously enforce censorship laws. Mr. Lehrer concludes with a call for better policy to “increase our
22、collective creativity“. He suggests allowing more immigration, inviting more risk and enabling more cultural borrowing and adaptation. He also warns that the work demands a lot of time, sweat and gut. Or as Albert Einstein put it: “creativity is the residue of time wasted.“（分数：10.00）(1).It can be in
23、ferred from Paragraph 2 that _ is necessary for sparking a moment of insight.（分数：2.00）A.constant distractionB.long time of concentrationC.subconscious meditationD.relaxing mood(2).According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, which of the following statements about the company 3M is true?（分数：2.00）A.The company h
24、as been so successful in nurturing the collective creativity that other companies follow suit.B.The company has been subjected to great financial loss by encouraging employees to take risks irrationally.C.The company lays more emphasis on individuality and creativity than on collaboration.D.The comp
25、any expected its employees to spend 15% of their time on speculating ways to increase productivity.(3).It can be inferred from Paragraph 4 that the old tend to be less creative because _.（分数：2.00）A.they have outlived the days when their mind is sharpest and most livelyB.the easy and comfortable life
26、 exhausts their passion to invent and createC.their perspective as an outsider has been accepted by the mainstreamD.experience and convention restrains them from breaking the rule(4).We can conclude from Paragraph 5 that _.（分数：2.00）A.innovation is always branded with the limitation of specific timeB
27、.creativity of human being has reached its summit in several historical periodsC.creativity can be encouraged and nurtured in the right circumstanceD.Shakespeare is merely an ordinary man with no superior creativity(5).By quoting Albert Einstein“s saying that “creativity is the residue of time waste
28、d“, the author wants to make clear that _.（分数：2.00）A.when you have wasted enough time, the creative ideas will come to you naturallyB.the generation of a creative idea requires hard work and intense dedicationC.all talk about creativity but no deeds is just a waste of timeD.creativity is not somethi
29、ng that everyone can capitalize on五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)As a giant of the stock market, Apple is unusual. For much of the past 20 years, three companies have alternated in the role of the largest on the American stock market: Exxon Mobil, General Electric and Microsoft. The first two are very big
30、companies by Apple standards. But Apple offers the kind of growth prospects that the shareholders of Exxon Mobil and GE can only dream of. Its sales in the latest quarter were almost double those of the previous year, and forecasts for 2013 revenues are nearly treble those recorded in 2010. It is th
31、e epitome of the modern company: short on physical capital but long on brainpower. So what does Apple“s dominance reveal about the economy and the stock market? First, it is a powerful reminder that the free market can still be remarkably innovative. In the past 11 years Apple has launched three pro
32、ductsthe iPod, iPhone and iPadthat have created brand new markets, fulfilling desires that consumers did not even know they had. It is impossible to imagine any of those designs being dreamed up by a bureaucrat. Second, it shows that the internet industry has come of age . The dotcom bubble of the l
33、ate 1990s featured companies that were heavy on ideas but light on revenues or profits. When the bubble burst a decade ago, it was feared that the internet would savage margins by “commoditizing“ devices like phones and personal computers. Apple has so far proved that it is possible to earn high mar
34、gins with brilliant design and by offering consumers ways to access the internet effortlessly wherever they go. It has made the mobile era its own. Third, Apple“s rise shows that, even in a period of austerity, consumers are willing to pay for the must-have gadget. The company is a huge beneficiary
35、of globalization: able not only to source its products at low cost in Asia but to sell the finished goods there as well. A global elite is now willing to pay for the most desirable products, from luxury luggage to premium Scotch. And America“s soft power is still so strong that it can create aspirin
36、g brands for that elite. But does Apple“s surge to preeminence indicate that the stock market is back to the insane days of the late 1990s? There are certainly warning signs. Brokers are competing to come up with the highest potential price target for Apple“s shares, and the announcement of a share
37、buy-back should remind investors that companies have a tendency to purchase their own equity at market peaks. But when Cisco, a technology giant, was briefly worth more than $500 billion in 2000, its price-earnings ratio was above 100; Apple trades on only 22 times its 2011 profits. Its new dividend
38、 yield will be almost as generous as that of the overall market. Even if its shares turn out to be overvalued, this would be more like a pimple than a bubble.（分数：10.00）(1).Compared with Exxon Mobil and General Electronics, Apple _.（分数：2.00）A.is larger in size and tangible assetsB.is valued lower in
39、stock marketC.is growing at an unprecedented rateD.is more closely linked with finance market(2).The point that the author wants to illustrate in Paragraph 2 is that _.（分数：2.00）A.in most cases, customers“ demands are created rather than ready-madeB.the superiority of American market system is still
40、distinctC.only American companies are capable of producing innovative products like iPhoneD.American“s panic over the rise of othe countries is unnecessary(3).What does the author mean by saying that“ the internet industry has come of age“ (Para. 3)?（分数：2.00）A.The internet industry has declined from
41、 its hey day.B.The internet industry has become out of date.C.The internet industry has come into maturity.D.The bubble in internet industry has burst.(4).Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Economic recession has no effect on the purchasing power of consume
42、rs.B.Most of Apple“s clients are Asian elites who are equipped with huge consuming power and obsessed with luxury goods.C.Apple is substantially the same with those dotcome bubble companies as they are both heavy on ideas but light on revenues.D.Internet industry is still a booming industry despite
43、the burst of dotcom bubble in the 1990s.(5).In the author“s opinion, the prospects of Apple in stock market is _.（分数：2.00）A.bleakB.uncertainC.optimisticD.pessimistic六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)During the recession, job losses were not equitably shared; employment rates fell more for some groups than oth
44、ers. It is also well-known that job losses were greater among men than among womenthe so-called mancessionlargely because men had been more likely to work in the residential construction and manufacturing industries that were hit hardest. What I“m going to reveal is the employment rates separately f
45、or married women and unmarried women who were heads of households. Not surprisingly, the latter are somewhat more likely to work. More surprising is that employment rates fell so much more for these unmarried women who were heads of household. Employment per capita fell 4.7 percentage points among t
46、he latter, compared with 1.6 percentage points among the former. The job-loss gap associated with marital status turns out to be as large as the more widely recognized job loss gap associated with gender. Neither group of women had many members working in construction, so the decline of construction
47、 cannot explain these differences. An “added-worker effect“ has been observed during a number of recessions: more married women worked during a recession than during an expansion because wives sometimes begin work to help replace the income lost by their unemployed husbands. The employment rate amon
48、g nonelderly married men fell 4 percentage points, to 83 percent from 87 percent. While that is a large decline by historical standards, it still means that roughly 95 percent of wives whose husbands were employed in 2007 had husbands who continued their employment during the recession. Among the 5
49、percent of wives who were not so fortunate, roughly two-thirds of them had already been working before the recession and therefore could not react to their husband“s unemployment by starting work. Therefore the added-worker effect is much too small to explain the sharply different job-loss rates by marital status. What seems to be especially different between married and unmarried women is their propensity to be unemployed for long periods. The point is that married and unmarried women enter unemployment at about the same rate, but unmarried wom
