1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 21 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Air is (1)_, and like all matter, it has weight. Weight is the measure of the (2)_ of gravity (3)_ matter. If a scale registers 10
2、kilograms when a stone is placed on it, this means that gravity pulls the stone with that (4)_ force. (5)_, earths gravity pulls on each (6)_ of gas and dust on the atmosphere. Because our atmosphere is a. vast (7)_ of air, it has (8)_. If it could (9)_ be compressed and put on a (10)_ of scales, it
3、 would weigh about 5,700,000,000,000,000 (quadrillion) metric tons.The air pressed down on us and against us (11)_ all sides. Something (12)_ a ton of air is pressing against you at this moment. You are not (13)_ of this because air pressure within your body (14)_ the pressure of the air outside.Air
4、 pressure is 1.036 kilograms per square centimeter (14.7 pounds per square inch) at sea (15)_. It is greatest there because that is the (16)_ of the atmosphere. (17)_ higher altitudes the pressure is (18)_. That is why the (19)_ of highflying planes are pressurized. They are designed to (20)_ the ai
5、r pressure our bodies must have.（A）thing（B） material（C） atmosphere（D）matter（A）pull（B） size（C） gravity（D）number（A）at（B） to（C） on（D）by（A）many（B） much（C） heavy（D）weighted（A）Usually（B） Frequently（C） Naturally（D）Similarly（A）kilogram（B） group（C） matter（D）particle（A）ocean（B） plain（C） container（D）vessel（A）s
6、ome（B） definite（C） countless（D）considerable（A）surely（B） somehow（C） constantly（D）carefully（A）set（B） series（C） variety（D）kind（A）from（B） in（C） by（D）on（A）as（B） of（C） like（D）about（A）knowing（B） sure（C） feeling（D）aware（A）supports（B） balances（C） comes from（D）acts as（A）altitude（B） height（C） level（D）degree（A）
7、line（B） layer（C） bottom（D）point（A）On（B） At（C） For（D）Through（A）more（B） none（C） various（D）less（A）seats（B） cabins（C） bodies（D）engines（A）produce（B） provide（C） maintain（D）improvePart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 A
8、 hospital is an institution that provides medical services for a community. The doctors, nurses, and other personnel of a hospital work to restore health to sick and injured people. They also try to prevent disease and maintain health in the community. Some hospitals serve as centers for medical edu
9、cation and research. Most hospitals are short-term hospitals in which the majority of patients stay less than 30 days. Patients spend an average of 4 to 8 days in a short-term hospital. In long-term hospitals, most patients stay more than 30 days. People having their tonsils removed would go to a sh
10、ort-term hospital. Those with severe mental illnesses may stay in a long-term institution because of the time needed to treat their condition. A general hospital provides services for most people and illnesses. A special hospital cares for certain people or certain illnesses. For example, pediatric
11、hospitals treat only children. Rehabilitation hospitals provide services to help people adjust to mental and physical disabilities.A hospital may perform other services besides treating the sick. Research hospitals conduct medical research. Teaching hospitals educate future physicians, nurses, and l
12、aboratory specialists. A teaching hospital may form part of a university medical center, or it may be a general hospital associated with a medical school. In the professional services department, physicians play an important role and lead a large medical team working for the hospital. The medical te
13、am also includes physicians in training. These interns come from medical schools and work in a hospital for practical experience. The nursing staff forms the largest group in the patient care team. Professional nurses, generally called registered nurses, have graduated from a nursing school. They ca
14、rry out much of the patients care under the guidance of physicians. They also direct other members of the nursing staff, including practical nurses, nurses aides, and nurse attendants. These men and women do many tasks to train the registered nurses for work requiring the special skills. There are m
15、any other important departments in a hospital besides the professional services department. The hospital pharmacy provides medicines that physicians order for patients. The central service department maintains medical supplies. The food service department prepares meals for patients and staff member
16、s. The hospital laboratories conduct tests that help doctors diagnose and treat illnesses. The radiology department makes X rays to help physicians diagnose diseases and injuries. The medical records department keeps a record on every patient. If former patients return to the hospital, their medical
17、 record helps the physician diagnose and treat their illness. The admitting office schedules patients for admission at the request of their physician and assigns them to a room. And the business office lists each patients charges, prepares a bill, and records payments received.25 Our visit to the ex
18、cavation of a Roman fort on a hill near Coventry was of more than archaeological interest. The years dig had been a fruitful one and had assembled evidence of a permanent military camp much larger than had at first been conjectured. We were greeted on the site by a group of excavators, some of them
19、filling in a trench that had yielded an almost complete pot the day before, others enjoying the last-day luxury of a cigarette in the sun, but all happy to explain and talk about their work. If we had not already known it, nothing would have suggested that this was a party of prisoners from the near
20、by prison. This is not the first time that prison labor has been used in work of this kind, but here the experiment, now two years old, has proved outstandingly satisfactory.From the archaeologists point of view, prisoners provide a steady force of disciplined labor throughout the entire season, men
21、 to whom it is a serious days work, and not the rather carefree holiday job that it tends to be for the amateur archaeologist. Newcomers are comparatively few, and can soon be initiated by those already trained in the work. Prisoners may also be more accustomed to heavy work like shoveling and carti
22、ng soil than the majority of students. When Coventrys Keeper of Archaeology went to the prison to appeal for help, he was received cautiously by the men, but when the importance of the work was fully understood, far more volunteers were forthcoming than could actually be employed. When they got to w
23、ork on the site, and their efforts produced pottery and building foundations in what until last year had been an ordinary field, their enthusiasm grew till they would sometimes work through their lunch hour and tea break, and even carry on in the rain rather than sit it out in the hut. This was undo
24、ubtedly because the work was not only strenuous but absorbing, and called for considerable intelligence. The men worked always under professional supervision, but as the season went on they needed less guidance and knew when an expert should be summoned. Disciplinary problems were negligible: the me
25、n were carefully selected for their good conduct and working on a party like this was too valuable a privilege to be thrown away.The Keeper of Archaeology said that this was by far the most satisfactory form of labor that he had ever had, and that it had produced results, in quantity and quality, th
26、at could not have been achieved by any other means.26 The visit to the excavation site was（A）of purely archaeological interest.（B） fruitful because a complete pot was discovered.（C） interesting in more than one way.（D）made by a group of prisoners.27 It can be assumed that archaeologists（A）did not li
27、ke the prisoners carefree attitude to work.（B） were willing to take only a few prisoners to work on the site.（C） were often forced to discipline the prisoners.（D）found that the prisoners worked far better than amateur archaeologists.28 How did prisoners demonstrate their attitude to work?（A）By spend
28、ing most of their time sitting in a hut.（B） By insisting on professional guidance.（C） By taking no initiative.（D）By working voluntarily.29 When prisoners were selected for the work（A）many of them refused to co-operate.（B） their previous behavior was taken into account.（C） they were told they must wo
29、rk in all weathers.（D）they were warned that there would be no privileges.30 According to the Keeper of Archaeology, which of the following is true?（A）He had expected more of the fort to be revealed.（B） He had a full understanding of the importance of work.（C） The prisoners were too cautious at the b
30、eginning.（D）Only prison labor could produce such good results.31 The collapse of Enron, the largest bankruptcy in American history, has rung out a banner year for American business failures. In Europe, the fallout from the Swissair and Sabena insolvencies continues. In the current global slump, more
31、 companies are likely to go under. Now is a perfect time to reconsider how to handle such failures, let them sink, or give them a chance to swim?In America, bankruptcy has come to mean a second chance for bust businesses. The famous “Chapter 11“ law aims to give a company time to get back on its fee
32、t, by shielding it from debt payments and prodding banks to negotiate with their debtor. It even allows an insolvent company to receive fresh finance after it goes bust. On the other side of the Atlantic, when companies stumble, almost as much effort is spent in fingering the guilty as in trying to
33、salvage a viable business. British and French laws, for example, can make a failing companys directors face criminal penalties and personal liability. Moreover, bankers have the power, at the first sign of trouble, to push a company into the arms of the receivers. Some modest changes are afoot, howe
34、ver. Britain is considering moves that would bring its rules closer to Americas. New laws in Germany should also make it easier to revive sick companies, although trade unions still have their say.But even with the arrival of the euro and moves towards a single financial market, going bust in Europe
35、 is a strictly local affair. Long before America had a single currency, the American constitution provided uniform bankruptcy laws, observes Elizabeth Warren of the Harvard Law School. Europes patchwork of national laws, according to Bill Brandt of Development Specialists, a consultancy, inhibits le
36、nding and makes it difficult to fix ailing firms.Transatlantic insolvencies are even harder, as a Belgian-based software company, Lernout and Hauspie, discovered this year. Its American reorganization plan was thwarted by a Belgian judge, who ordered a sale of the firms assets. As the European Union
37、 inches toward greater harmonization, should it try to mimic America?Critics of Chapter 11 think not. They argue that Americas bankruptcy system is wasteful, lets failed managers go unpunished, and gives some companies an unfair advantage. In Chapter 11, admittedly, lawyers and advisers gobble up fe
38、es, but a recent study argues that the fees are no larger than those for most mergers and acquisitions. One common complaint, that managers enjoy the high life while creditors go begging, fails to stand up to the data from Americas previous wave of bankruptcies in the early 1990s. Stuart Gilson of t
39、he Harvard Business School found that more than two-thirds of top managers were ousted within two years of a bankruptcy filing. More troubling is that some American firms seem to enjoy second and third trips to bankruptcy court, cheekily termed Chapters 22 and 33. Some see this as evidence that, too
40、 often, they use Chapter 11 to keep running. But there is more to the story.31 The case of Enron bankruptcy（A）triggers grand-scale economic recession in America.（B） affects the Swissair and Sabena in Europe.（C） marks the most dramatic economic situation in America.（D）gets more companies into trouble
41、 around the world.32 As to how to treat the bust businesses, America differs from the European countries in that（A）American laws forbid banks to grant loans to the failing businesses.（B） American laws allows the bust companies to delay debt payments.（C） European countries never let the bust companie
42、s go unpunished.（D）its more difficult for a sick company to revive in Europe than in America.33 From the third paragraph we know for sure that（A）the arrival of the euro smoothes the way to recovery for the bust businesses.（B） in America the adoption of a single currency made uniform bankruptcy laws
43、possible.（C） theres no uniform bankruptcy laws in European countries.（D）in European countries bankruptcy laws are not enacted effectively.34 The word “thwarted“ in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to（A）frustrated.（B） accomplished.（C） settled.（D）convicted.35 The last paragraph is mainly（A）to accuse
44、the lawyers and advisers of making big money by helping those insolvent companies.（B） to introduce the changes of the bankruptcy lawChapter 11.（C） to prove the accusation is groundless that the managers of bust businesses lead a comfortable life at the cost of creditors.（D）to argue that the European
45、 Union should not follow the American example in their effort to revive sick companies.36 For many people the New York Times is the greatest newspaper anywhere. But there has long been a small pool of conservative dissenters in its hometown. For them, the Times is left-wing, inaccurate, devoid of hu
46、mor, and, worst of all, unopposed (they never seem to count the Wall Street Journal. which, to be fair, doesnt write that much about the Big Apple). Now these criticisms are being made, daily, and often wittily, by a flee web-based publication.The publisher, reporting staff and editor of is Ira Sto
47、ll, a 28-year-old former managing editor of Forward, a Jewish weekly. At 6 oclock every morning he picks up a copy of the Times at a Brooklyn news-stand and, within four hours, unleashes an invariably scathing report on something he thinks either ridiculous or wrong.Categories on the website range f
48、rom the pedantic“New York, lack of basic familiarity with“ (noting unbearable geographic errors) and “Misspelling of names“ (including that of the Sulzberger family, which controls the Times)to weightier topics such as taxes and immigration. Most of the time, Mr. Stoll is on the look-out for left-wi
49、ng bias masked as objectivity. He is particularly tough on the citation of allegedly impartial “experts“ in back up predictable Times conclusionsthat the poor are getting poorer, private education is bad, welfare reform has failed, public housing is vital, and Republicans and policemen are insensitive, racist or mentally challenged.Occasionally, Mr. Stolls pieces precede (or perhaps cause) a correction. He was, for instance, the first to spot that the Times had attac
