1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 21 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 It is much clear that our diets are unhealthy. Now, an increasing number of scientists and physicians wonder if our【C1】_for unhealt
2、hy, obesity-inducing eating might be【C2】_to the food choices made during our first weeks and months of life.【C3】_, the latest research indicates that what we learn to like as infants【C4】_what we eat as adults. If 【C5】_, we might be able to【C6 】_the obesity epidemic in a new and more promising way, o
3、ne that【C7】_the very first spoonful.Today, 【C8 】_, most of those early loving spoonfuls contain more sugar and salt than is nutritionally【C9】_. A recent study in the Journal of Public Health found that 53 percent of processed baby and toddler foods lining supermarket shelves have a(n) 【C10】_number o
4、f calories from simple sugars, and 12 percent of them have too much sodium. The authors,【C11】_how overindulgence【C12】_both of these nutrients is linked to cardiovascular disease and diabetes, suggest that early【C13】_to overly sweet or salty meals could promote a taste for these unhealthy【C14】_in the
5、 future.【C15 】_focus on limiting the unhealthful aspects of diet, Gary Beauchamp, a biopsychologist and a leading expert on chemosensory science, prefers to study the【C16】_of good-for-you foods. Based on data he has collected in the past 40 years, Beauchamp thinks “that complex multisensory flavor p
6、rofiles are influenced by our【C17】_during the first few months of life. “ And if parents【C18】_healthful tastes and flavors, such as carrots or broccoli,【C19】_, an infant will not only rapidly adapt, but will also develop a(n)【C20】_for these flavors that could persist for a lifetime. 279 words1 【C1 】
7、（A）preparation（B） inclination（C） compensation（D）suggestion2 【C2 】（A）suited（B） stuck（C） limited（D）tied3 【C3 】（A）Indeed（B） However（C） Anyway（D）Instead4 【C4 】（A）goes contrary to（B） keeps track of（C） paves the way for（D）takes the place of5 【C5 】（A）necessary（B） anything（C） true（D）not6 【C6 】（A）tackle（B） i
8、dentify（C） stimulate（D）discard7 【C7 】（A）fits with（B） starts with（C） steps in（D）brings in8 【C8 】（A）obviously（B） unfortunately（C） hopefully（D）interestingly9 【C9 】（A）affordable（B） available（C） wise（D）rich10 【C10 】（A）constant（B） deficient（C） moderate（D）excessive11 【C11 】（A）assuming（B） admitting（C） notin
9、g（D）claiming12 【C12 】（A）by（B） about（C） for（D）on13 【C13 】（A）exposure（B） restriction（C） attraction（D）resistance14 【C14 】（A）habits（B） interests（C） ingredients（D）factors15 【C15 】（A）Rather than（B） Bound to（C） Likely to（D）Other than16 【C16 】（A）promotion（B） production（C） conservation（D）contribution17 【C17
10、】（A）sentiments（B） decisions（C） expectations（D）experiences18 【C18 】（A）supplement（B） introduce（C） preserve（D）distinguish19 【C19 】（A）as usual（B） at length（C） so far（D）early on20 【C20 】（A）awareness（B） distaste（C） preference（D）impressionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the question
11、s below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 If you lock a bunch of high-IQ people in a room and tell them to get on with a task, what will they emerge with? Lower IQs, for one thing. A study done by Virginia Tech tried to replicate how people think under social pressure. Subjects with
12、an average IQ of 126 were clustered into problem-solving groups and exposed to judgments about their work. A pecking order formed. The low performers showed high responses in the part of the brain that regulates fear. The scientists concluded that “ individuals express diminished cognitive capacity
13、in groups, an effect that is worsened by perceived lower status“.This is the first ill word any scientist has had for the way groups think in a very long time. Over the past decade or two, story after story has spoken glowingly of “hive mind“ and the “wisdom of crowds“. Are these profound new insigh
14、ts or are they a cognitive-science trend on which the tide is now receding?They are both. There is certainly something measurable that can be called collective intelligence. A fascinating study of its operation was published in the magazine Science two years ago. They asked small groups to do a vari
15、ety of mental tests and then play a game of draughts. A collective equivalent of general intelligence is just what they found. Moreover, it was not just an artefact of the individual intelligences that made up the groups. The correlation of group thinking with the average intelligence of the group,
16、or with the intelligence of the groups smartest member, was weak. Strong correlations were with the “average social sensitivity of group members and the equality in distribution of conversation turn-taking“. Office bullies and those who cant shut up drive down productivity.These two findingsthat the
17、re is such a thing as collective intelligence and that working in groups makes individuals a bit dullerare not necessarily contradictory. A human being probably loses a bit of thinking capacity in subordinating himself to a group, no matter what feats the collective is able to carry out. Whether thi
18、s trade-off is worthwhile depends on what the groups are doing. If western culture as it existed until two decades ago stood for any one thing, it was the defence of the individual against the herd. Individuals produced King Lear and the Discourse on the Method. The “wisdom of crowds“ produces a few
19、 retail fads at best, book-burnings and pogroms at worst.Our own time thinks itself different. It is marked by integration of markets and innovations in networking and sales. Crowd-sourced Wikipedia (flawed, quick and free) helped drive Britannica (authoritative, labour-intensive and dear) out of th
20、e paper encyclopedia business. No one has the time to read King Lear, let alone write it. Anybody who can spark a retail fad is acclaimed a genius. The wisdom of crowds, in fact, may be just an updated version of the age-old wisdom of retail; when it comes to what the crowd wants, the crowd is all-k
21、nowing. 494 words21 The first paragraph intends to tell us that_.（A）IQ is not a reliable indicator of ones ability（B） high IQ people tend to possess less self-confidence（C） people tend to lose some thinking ability when working in groups（D）several high IQ individuals does not necessarily produce a h
22、ighly cognitive group22 A groups collective intelligence may be enhanced significantly when it is joined by someone of_.（A）high intelligence（B） high prestige（C） high operating ability（D）high coordination ability23 The two findings introduced in paragraphs 1 and 3 can be used to justify the statement
23、 that_.（A）every coin has two sides（B） everything is evolutionary（C） scientific findings might be contradictory（D）science is culturally defined24 The authors attitude to the current “wisdom of crowds“ culture is one of_.（A）celebration（B） acceptance（C） regret（D）indifference25 Which of the following is
24、 closest to the message the text tries to convey?（A）Groupthink is a major source of innovation.（B） Groupthink is no match for solo genius.（C） Collective wisdom is culturally defined.（D）Collective wisdom is nothing new, but an age-old wisdom.25 The outcry over internet firms habit of surreptitiously
25、tracking web surfers activities has clearly resonated inside the White House. The Obama administration announced that it intends to work with Congress to produce “a privacy bill of rights“ giving American consumers greater control over how their information is collected and used by digital marketers
26、.Those who have been lobbying for change agree with, but are unsympathetic to, internet firms worries that such a law could dent their advertising-driven business models, which rely on tracking and targeting consumers to maximise revenues. “This is dimming the prospects of Google, Facebook and other
27、 digital ad companies,“ says Jeffrey Chester of the Centre for Digital Democracy. Quite how dark things get for them will depend on the details of the bill. It will seek to lay down the basic principles of internet privacy rights, broadly following recommendations published last December by the Depa
28、rtment of Commerce. The departments report said consumers should be told more about why data are being collected about them and how they are used; and it called for stricter limits on what companies can do with information they collect.Whatever legislation finally emerges is likely to give a broader
29、 role to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which will almost certainly be charged with deciding how those principles are translated into practice and with policing their implementation. Among other things, the FTC is known to be keen on a formal “do not track“ system, which would allow users to bl
30、ock certain sites from monitoring their online activities.Keen to avoid this, the online-advertising industry has been working overtime to convince policymakers that it can police itself using systems such as icons on web pages that show surfers when they are being tracked. And it is telling anyone
31、who will listen that consumers will suffer if tough do-not-track rules hit ad revenues, forcing web firms to charge for more content. With Mr Obama throwing his weight behind internet privacy, this rearguard action is less likely to be successful. Some ad firms have started talking of creating a do-
32、not-track system of their own, that would limit the damage to their digital activities.Although all this may dent their revenues, Americas internet giants could also benefit from the legislation if it helps them in their dealings with the European Union. The EUs already fairly strict rules on privac
33、ywhich it considers a fundamental human rightare being tightened further. The time-consuming and expensive legal hoops the EU makes American internet firms jump through, to be allowed to handle Europeans online data, will become more demanding. If by passing its own online-privacy “bill of rights“ A
34、merica can convince the EU to ease this legal burden, then it will be an important win for American companies, says Joel Reidenberg, a professor at Fordham Universitys law school. Google, Facebook and others will no doubt be trackingboth online and offlinethe progress of EU-American talks on this ma
35、tter very closely. 496 words26 The privacy bill of rights is meant to_.（A）clamp down web surfers dishonest behaviours（B） restrict internet firms control over information（C） give American government control over information（D）ease the tension between digital marketers and web users27 What is the bigg
36、est concern of internet firms with the privacy bill?（A）downsizing ad revenues（B） decreasing digital data（C） ever-growing user base（D）increasingly demanding users28 Whats the response of the online-advertising industry towards the formal “do not rack system“?（A）A gentle persuasion.（B） A stiff resista
37、nce.（C） A forced surrender.（D）A combination of tough and soft.29 The author suggests in the last paragraph that the privacy bill could_.（A）be harmful to Europeans privacy rights（B） be desirable for American internet firms（C） be helpful with the EU-American relationship（D）be questionable in dealing w
38、ith privacy problems30 According to the text, who will most fancy the privacy bill?（A）EU.（B） FTC.（C） Web consumers.（D）The Centre for Digital Democracy.30 Once I formed an opinion on a subject, it became a belief, subject to a host of cognitive biases to ensure its trueness. Am I being irrational? Po
39、ssibly. In fact, this is how most belief systems work for most of us most of the time.We form our beliefs for a variety of subjective, emotional and psychological reasons in the context of environments created by family, friends, culture and society at large. After forming our beliefs, we then defen
40、d, justify and rationalize them with a host of intellectual reasons, persuasive arguments and rational explanations. Beliefs come first; explanations for beliefs follow. I call this process, wherein our perceptions about reality are dependent on the beliefs that we hold about it, belief-dependent re
41、alism. Reality exists independent of human minds, but our understanding of it depends on the beliefs we hold at any given time.I patterned belief-dependent realism after model-dependent realism, presented by physicists Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow in their book The Grand Design. There they a
42、rgue that because no one model is adequate to explain reality, “one cannot be said to be more real than the other. “ When these models are coupled to theories, they form entire worldviews.Once we form beliefs and make commitments to them, we maintain and reinforce them through a number of powerful c
43、ognitive biases that distort our percepts to fit belief concepts. On the top of all these biases, there is the in-group bias, in which we place more value on the beliefs of those whom we perceive to be fellow members of our group and less on the beliefs of those from different groups. This is a resu
44、lt of our evolved tribal brains leading us not only to place such value judgment on beliefs but also to dismiss them as nonsense or evil, or both.Belief-dependent realism is driven even deeper by a meta-bias called the bias blind spot, or the tendency to recognize the power of cognitive biases in ot
45、her people but to be blind to their influence on our own beliefs. Even scientists are not immune, subject to experimenter-expectation bias, or the tendency for observers to select and publish data that agree with their expectations for the outcome of an experiment and to disbelieve data that do not.
46、This dependency on belief and its host of psychological biases is why, in science, we have built-in self-correcting machinery. Strict double-blind controls are required, in which neither the subjects nor the experimenters know the conditions during data collection. Collaboration with colleagues is v
47、ital. Results are vetted at conferences and in peer-reviewed journals. Research is replicated in other laboratories. Disconfirming evidence and contradictory interpretations of data are included in the analysis. If you dont seek data and arguments against your theory, someone else will, usually with
48、 great glee and in a public forum. This is why skepticism is a sine qua non of science, the only escape we have from the belief-dependent realism trap created by our believing brains. 495 words31 The author uses his own practices to show that our beliefs are often_.（A）prejudiced（B） false（C） irration
49、al（D）changeable32 In the authors view, reality is the combination of_.（A）culturally-dependent beliefs（B） objective facts（C） explainable beliefs（D）convincing intellectual arguments33 We tend to accept beliefs that_.（A）are consistent with our cultural values（B） strike us as foreign and novel（C） come from our own work groups（D）are powerful but biased34 The bias blind spot can prompt a scientist to_.（A）overemp
