1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 21 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 1 Although numerous books have been written about American mothers, only recently has literature focused on the role of a father.2 Television, the most perva
2、sive and persuasive modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.3 But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible
3、to give a reasonable estimate of their“expectation of life“, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.4 There is a general support for the argument Democrats are beginning to make that priority should be given to improving the ability of the government to pr
4、event the smuggling of weapons of mass destruction into the entry and to respond effectively should such an attack occur.5 It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more
5、advice.6 People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.7 The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spo
6、iled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.8 In the Middle Ages widespread use was made of arguments from analogy, on the belief that the universe formed an ordered structure that the macrocosmic pattern of the whole is reproduced in the mi-croc
7、osmic pattern of parts so that it is possible to draw inferences by analogy from one to the other.9 And numerous experiments have shown once the concept of self is changed, other things consistent with the new concept of self are accomplished easily and without strain.10 In general, the tests work m
8、ost effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.11 This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society where there will be freedom from want an
9、d freedom from fear.12 Why does cream go bad faster than butter? Some researchers think they have the answer, and it comes down to the structure of the food, not its chemical compositiona finding that could help rid some processed foods of chemical preservatives.13 Children will play with dolls equi
10、pped with personality chips, computers with in built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.14 And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with
11、 these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.15 It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter(后者)is a much finer apparatus and of course much more
12、accurate in its measurement than the former(前者).16 How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.17 You have all heard it repeated that men of
13、 science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.18 It seems to me that the time is ripe for t
14、he Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system which will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent, application and industry currently being wasted on certificates, diplomas and degrees that no one wa
15、nts to know about.19 Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.20 Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think
16、 that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.21 There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.22 In large part as a consequence of the feminist move
17、ment, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods.23 Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movementsthemselves made relatively e
18、asy nowadays by modern means of transport.24 Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory.25 It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism
19、and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 21 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10
20、 points) 1 【正确答案】 虽然关于美国母亲的书不胜枚举，但直到最近才有以父亲这一角色为中心的作品问世。【试题解析】 主句为 only recently has literature focused on the role of a father；Although引导让步状语从句：only 放在句首后接状语引导倒装句，表示强调，主语为 literature。【知识模块】 翻译2 【正确答案】 电视，这项以更新变革快为标志的最普及和最有影响力的现代技术，正在步人一个新时代，一个极为先进尖端和多样化的时代，这将重塑我们的生活和我们的世界。【试题解析】 主句为 television is m
21、oving into a new era其中 the most和marked by为插入语作定语修饰 television。an era of 是前面的 new era 的同位语；which 引导非限定性定语从句修饰 era。【知识模块】 翻译3 【正确答案】 可是现在人们意识到，其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的，人们甚至还可以比较合理地估计出这些矿物质“预期寿命” ，也就是说，经过若干年后，这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。【试题解析】 全句为并列复合句。第一个 it 为形式主语， that 引导着主语从句；第二个 it 也是形式主语代替后面的不定式；the time是“expectat
22、ion of life”的同位语，进一步解释其含义，而 time 后面的句子是它的定语从句。句子的层次较多，翻译时需要作必要的调整。【知识模块】 翻译4 【正确答案】 人们普遍支持民主党人开始提出的主张，即政府应当优先考虑提高其预防有人把大规模杀伤性武器走私到国内的能力。同时，假如出现类似的袭击，还应当提高政府做出有效应对的能力。【试题解析】 本句的结构为 there be 句型加上三个从句。其中 Democrats为定语从句修饰 argument；that 引导同位语从句说明 argument 的具体内容；should such an attack occur 为虚拟语气，省略了引导词 if
23、，并引起句子倒装。另外，to improving 为介词短语修饰 priority；to prevent 为不定式短语修饰 ability。【知识模块】 翻译5 【正确答案】 因此，如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会，就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导。总之，这个显得越来越重要了。【试题解析】 句子主干为 It becomes important，it 形式主语代替 that 从句；if引导条件状语从句作插入语，翻译时一般要将其提到句首。【知识模块】 翻译6 【正确答案】 尽管警察已接到命令，要做好准备以应付紧急情况，但人们不敢出门，因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和
24、无能为力。【试题解析】 此句是由 for 引导的一个并列复合句，共有三层含义，但位置比较特殊。其中结果在前，原因在后，让步从句在句中。翻译时必须按照汉语习惯顺序作必要的调整。【知识模块】 翻译7 【正确答案】 这一变化适应了新时代技术的要求，防止了效率下降，而效率下降已使许多老家族公司破产，因为第二、三代继承人已不像公司创立者那样精力充沛。【试题解析】 该句主干为“The change metand prevented。”“that” 后边引导的是一定语从句，作后置定语，修饰“the decline in efficiency”；介词短语“in the second and third gen
25、eration，”作状语修饰“spoiled”。【知识模块】 翻译8 【正确答案】 在中世纪，广泛采用类推法的各种论点，这些论点基于下述观念，即宇宙形成一个有次序的结构，整体的宏观格局是部分微观格局的再现，因此，有可能通过类推法做出由此及彼的推断。【试题解析】 句子的主干为 use was made of arguments from analogy。on the belief 是介词短语，作状语。belief 后面有两个以 that 引导的同位语从句：that the universestructure 和 that the microcosmic of parts。so that 引导的是
26、一个状语从句，表结果。【知识模块】 翻译9 【正确答案】 而且大量事实证明，自我感观一旦改变，其他一些与新的自我感观相一致的事情就可以轻而易举且毫不费力地完成。【试题解析】 主句为 experiments have shown；动词 shown 后面是一个主从复合句。连词 once 引导的是宾语从句中的状语从句。宾语从句的主句是 other thingsstrain。consistentof self 是形容词短语作定语，修饰 other things，它使宾语从句的主语和系动词分隔开。without strain 是介词短语作状语，意为“毫不费力地”，翻译时要根据汉语习惯将隔开的部分还原出来
27、。【知识模块】 翻译10 【正确答案】 一般说来，当要测定的特征能被十分精确地界定时，测试的效果就最佳；反之，如果所要测定和预测的东西得不到明确的界定，那么测试的效果就最差。【试题解析】 本句是由 and 连接的并列结构，每个并列结构中各有一个 when 引导的时间状语从句。在第二个时间状语从句中有一个 what 引导的主语从句。【知识模块】 翻译11 【正确答案】 这是历史上首次出现的一个给人以希望的世界。在这个世界上会诞生一个没有贫困、没有暴力的社会。【试题解析】 句中的定语从句 out of which grows the hope是完全倒装句。主语the hope of a socie
28、ty 和定语 where there will befear 较长，置于动词 grows 之后。由于限制性定语从句 out of which grows thehopeof a society 与主句关系紧密，所以采用融合法将 This is the worldof a society 译成一个单句。 where 引导的定语从句太长，可用后置法译成一个单句。【知识模块】 翻译12 【正确答案】 为什么奶酪会比黄油更容易变质?一些研究者认为他们已经找到了答案，并将其归结为食物的构成，不是化学成分这一发现能使有些加工食品不再使用化学防腐剂。【试题解析】 句子主干researchers thinka
29、nd it comes down；破折号后面的部分是 answer 的同位语；that could help是 finding 的定语从句。【知识模块】 翻译13 【正确答案】 儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，那时数字化时代就来到了。【试题解析】 句子主干为：Children will play with dolls，computerswill be regarded as workmatesrelaxation will be in front of smell television，and digital ag
30、e will have arrived。其中 equippedwith personality chips 是作定语的分词短语，修饰 dolls。【知识模块】 翻译14 【正确答案】 许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。【试题解析】 本句结构为形式主语 it 引导两个由 that 引导的并列主语。【知识模块】 翻译15 【正确答案】 这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理和工作方法上存在多少差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更为精密的仪器，因而在计量上必然比前者准确得多。【试题解析】 本句为 it 引导的
31、一表语从句，表语从句为 not thatbut that 连接的并列复合句，句中后置修饰语较多。【知识模块】 翻译16 【正确答案】 这些预言在多大程度上被后来的表现所证实，取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适用性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。【试题解析】 Howperformance 为主语从句，depends upon 为谓语动词。with which 引导一个定语从句，修饰 skill and wisdom，which 指 skill and wisdom。在本句中 it 指代 information 这一词。【知识模块】 翻译17 【正确答案】 你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎
32、法工作的，而且从某种意义上来说，他们依靠这种方法力求从自然界归纳出某些自然规律，然后根据这些规律，用自己的某种专长，建立起他们的理论。【试题解析】 本句是一个由三个 that 引导的宾语从句构成的主从复合句。 it 为形式宾语，代替三个真正的宾语从句，句中有许多介词短语作状语。【知识模块】 翻译18 【正确答案】 我认为时机已成熟。就业部和教育部应同大学携起手来，修正我们的教育制度，合理有效地利用学生的才能、勤奋和刻苦。而现在学生的这些才能和努力都浪费在无人感兴趣的证书、文凭和学位上。【试题解析】 It seems to me that 为主系表结构，that 实际上引导一个宾语从句。其中 w
33、hich 引导定语从句修饰 system；being 为分词短语作定语修饰 wealth；最后一个 that 引导的定语从句修饰前面的三个名词。【知识模块】 翻译19 【正确答案】 他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。【试题解析】 本句属于比较结构，含有一个比较结构 not so muchas“与其说不如说”。they say 为插入语。through the insights of great men of genius 和because of more ordinary things 为两个状语。like improved tech
34、niques and tools为介词短语作定语，修饰 things。【知识模块】 翻译20 【正确答案】 这类极端主义者认为对待动物无须考虑道德问题，因为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同。【试题解析】 现在分词短语 Arguing作原因状语，里面又有一个 that 从句作the view 的同位语，逗号后面的 that 从句是一个宾语从句。【知识模块】 翻译21 【正确答案】 所谓方法论是指一般历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。【试题解析】 本题属于复合结构。句子框架是 There is no agreement。whetheror引导的名词从句是
35、 agreement 的同位语。在这个同位语从句中，methodology 后面跟着两个并列谓语，即 refers toor(refers)to。peculiar to historical work 和 appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry 都是形容词短语，分别修饰 concepts 和 research techniques。【知识模块】 翻译22 【正确答案】 在很大程度上由于女权主义运动的缘故，近年来史学家们将大量的注意力投向更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。【试题解析】 本句结构为：介词短语+主句；主
36、句中有一个局部倒装现象，即将more accurately 提前。【知识模块】 翻译23 【正确答案】 由于人口猛增或因现代交通方式的便利而带来的大量人口流动引发的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。【试题解析】 本题属于简单句。句子框架是 stresses may occur because ofor problems arising from。arising from“ 由引起”，在句中作定语修饰problems。Additional social stresses 不必逐字翻译，可转译成“对社会造成新的压力”。themselves 指 mass migration movements。因此破
37、折号后译成“使这种流动相对容易”。【知识模块】 翻译24 【正确答案】 研究学者已经证实，当人们用脑时，大脑中会发生生化反应，使其在注意力和记忆力这样的认知领域运作效率更高。【试题解析】 句子主干：Researchers have established that ；第一个 that 引导宾语从句，其中 when 引导时间状语从句；第二个 that 引导定语从句修饰changes，it 指代 brain。【知识模块】 翻译25 【正确答案】 区分有机体与其周围环境，把作用于有机体的力分为内在的和生物的与外在的和环境的，这似乎非常简单。【试题解析】 句子主干：It seems simple enough toand to；It 为形式主语，两个并列的动词不定式短语作真正的主语；acting on an organism 是分词短语作定语修饰 forces；介词 into 后接两个并列成分 those that，that 从句为定语从句；翻译时可以先译真正主语，后译形式主语部分。【知识模块】 翻译
