1、考研英语(二)-28 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：100.00)No woman can be too rich or too thin. This saying often attributed to the late Duchess of Windsor embodies much of the odd spirit of our times. Being thin is deemed as such a virtue. The problem with such a view is that som
2、e people actually attempt to live by it. I myself have fantasies of slipping into narrow designer clothes. Consequently, I have been on a diet for the betteror worsepart of my life. Being rich wouldn“t be bad either, but that won“t happen unless an unknown relative dies suddenly in some distant land
3、 leaving me millions of dollars. Where did we go off the track? When did eating butter become a sin, and a little bit of extra flesh unappealing, if not repellent? All religions have certain days when people refrain from eating and excessive eating is one of Christianity“s seven deadly, sins. Howev
4、er, until quite recently, most people had a problem getting enough to eat. In some religious groups, wealth was a symbol of probable salvation and high morals, and fatness a sign of wealth and well-being. Today the opposite is true. We have shifted to thinness as our new mark of virtue. The result i
5、s that being fator even only somewhat overweightis bad because it implies a lack of moral strength. Our obsession with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. It is true that in this country we have more overweight people than ever before, and that, in many cases, being overweight correlates wit
6、h an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease. These diseases, however, may have as much to do with our way of life and our high-fat diets as with excess weight. And the associated risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more of a dietary problemtoo much fat and a lack of fiberthan a w
7、eight problem. The real concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, but that we neither exercise enough nor eat well. Exercise is necessary for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases. We should surely stop paying
8、 so much attention to weight. Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardous if those who get (or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style. Thinness can be pure vainglory.（分数：25.00）(1).In the eyes of the author,
9、 an odd phenomenon nowadays is that _.（分数：5.00）A.the Duchess of Windsor is regarded as a woman of virtueB.looking slim is a symbol of having a large fortuneC.being thin is viewed as a much desired qualityD.religious people are not necessarily virtuous(2).Swept by the prevailing trend, the author _.（
10、分数：5.00）A.had to go on a diet for the greater part of her lifeB.could still prevent herself from going off the trackC.had to seek help from rich distant relativesD.had to wear highly fashionable clothes(3).In human history, people“s views on body weight _.（分数：5.00）A.were closely related to their rel
11、igious beliefsB.changed from time to timeC.varied between the poor and the richD.led to different moral standards(4).The author criticizes women“s obsession with thinness _.（分数：5.00）A.from an economic and educational perspectiveB.from sociological and medical points of viewC.from a historical and re
12、ligious standpointD.in the light of moral principles(5).What“s the author“s advice to women who are absorbed in the idea of thinness?（分数：5.00）A.They should be more concerned with their overall lifestyle.B.They should be more watchful for fatal diseases.C.They should gain weight to look healthy.D.The
13、y should rid themselves of fantasies about designer clothes.When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance. In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. D
14、eserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation a
15、nd disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago. As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how clim
16、ate has changed in the pastand how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet“s environment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back again ove
17、r a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years. Most important, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant
18、 turning point in human evolution., from the dawn of primates some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scient
19、ists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it. The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign global environment that has existed over the p
20、ast 10,000 yearsduring which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appearedis a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth“s climate will almost certainly go t
21、hrough dramatic changes in the futureeven without the influence of human activity.（分数：25.00）(1).Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged _.（分数：5.00）A.to give up his former way of lifeB.to leave the coastal areasC.to follow the ever-shifting vegetationD.to abandon his origi
22、nal settlement(2).Earth scientists have come to understand that climate _.（分数：5.00）A.is going through a fundamental changeB.has been getting warmer for 10,000 yearsC.will eventually change from hot to coldD.has gone through periodical changes(3).Scientists believe that human evolution _.（分数：5.00）A.h
23、as seldom been accompanied by climatic changesB.has exerted little influence on climatic changesC.has largely been affected by climatic changesD.has had a major impact on climatic changes(4).Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that _.（分数：5.00）A.human activities have accelerated changes of Ea
24、rth“s environmentB.Earth“s environment will remain mild despite human interferenceC.Earth“s climate is bound to change significantly in the futureD.Earth“s climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future(5).The message the author wishes to convey in the passage is that _.（分数：5.00）A.
25、human civilization remains glorious though it is affected by climatic changesB.mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climateC.man has to limit his activities to slow down the global warming processD.human civilization will continue to develop in spite of the changes of
26、 natureWar may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger, hostility, and territoriality are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate su
27、rvival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation, that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression, violence cannot be simply reduced to an instinct. The man
28、y expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function: It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the p
29、owers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been directed. The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed a legal system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and
30、punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for re
31、venge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycles of reve
32、nge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection. The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state. I
33、n war the state affirms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their recommitment, allegiance, and supreme sacrifice. Tim
34、es of war test a community“s deepest religious and ethical commitments.（分数：25.00）(1).Human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior in that _.（分数：5.00）A.it threatens the existing social systemsB.it is influenced by societyC.it has roots in religious conflictsD.it is directed against insti
35、tutions of law(2).The function of legal systems, according to the passage is _.（分数：5.00）A.to control violence within a societyB.to protect the world from chaosC.to free society from the idea of revengeD.to give the government absolute power(3).What does the author mean by saying “in legal systems, t
36、he responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused“ (Lines 56, Para.2)?（分数：5.00）A.Legal systems greatly reduce the possibilities of physical violence.B.Offenses against individuals are no longer judged on a personal basis.C.Victims of violence find it more difficult to take revenge.D.
37、Punishment is not carried out directly by the individuals involved.(4).The word “allegiance“ (Line 5, Para.3) is closest in meaning to _.（分数：5.00）A.loyaltyB.objectiveC.survivalD.motive(5).What can we learn from the last paragraph?（分数：5.00）A.Governments tend to abuse their supreme power in times of w
38、ar.B.In times of war governments may extend their power across national borders.C.In times of war governments impose high religious and ethical standards on their people.D.Governments may sacrifice individuals in the interests of the state in times of war.Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cult
39、ural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. For example, they must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful for each of the cultural or ethnic minority groups being studied! In conducting research o
40、n cultural and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and important to the people in that culture or ethnic group, without re
41、gard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in an emic fashion, their concern is only that the questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethni
42、c group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashion, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved. How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of family processes? In the emic approach, the re
43、searchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without regard for whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethnic minority groups. In a subsequent study, the researchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by studying not only midd
44、le-class White families, but also lower-income White families, Black American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In studying ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority
45、families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a different pattern of family interaction than would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle-class White families cannot always be generalized to all ethnic groups.（分数：25.00）(1).According to the first pa
46、ragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to _.（分数：5.00）A.be overcautious in constructing meaningful measuresB.view them from their own cultural perspectiveC.guard against interference from their own cultureD.accept readily what is alien to their own culture(2).What does
47、the author say about the emic approach and the etic approach?（分数：5.00）A.They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issues.B.The former is biased while the latter is objective.C.The former concentrates on the study of culture while the latter on family issues.D.They are both heavily
48、dependent on questionnaires in conducting surveys.(3).Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is apparently more _.（分数：5.00）A.culturally interactiveB.culture-orientedC.culturally biasedD.culture-specific(4).The etic approach is concerned with _.（分数：5.00）A.the general characteristics of mi
49、nority familiesB.culture-related concepts of individual ethnic groupsC.features shared by various cultures or ethnic groupsD.the economic conditions of different types of families(5).Which of the following is true of the ethnic minority families in the U.S. according to the passage?（分数：5.00）A.Their cultural patterns are usually more adaptable.B.Their cultural concepts are difficult to comprehend.C.They don“t interact with each other so much as White families.D.They have closer family ties than White families
