1、考研英语-158 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDirections:/BRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.Space is a dangerous place, not only because of meteors (流星) but alsoU (1) /Urays from the sun and other
2、stars. The atmosphere againU (2) /Uas our protective blanket on earth. Lightgets through, and this is essential for plants toU (3) /Uthe food which we eat. Heat, too, makes our environment endurable. Various kinds of rays come through the airU (4) /Uouter space, but enormous quantities of radiation
3、from the sun areU (5) /Uoff. As soon as men leave the atmosphere they areU (6) /Uto this radiation, but their space suits or the walls of their spacecraft, if they are inside,U (7) /Uprevent a lot of radiation damage.U (8) /Uis the greatest known danger to explorers in space. The unit of radiation i
4、s called “rem“. Scientists haveU (9) /Uto think that a man canU (10) /Ufar more radiation than 0.1 ram without being damaged: the figure of 60 rems has been agreed on. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to makeU (11) /Uabout radiation damagea person may feel perfectly well,U (12) /Uthe ce
5、lls of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this willU (13) /Ube discovered until the birth of deformed children or even grandchildren. Missions of the Apollo flights have had to cross belts of high radiation and during the outward and return journeys, the Apollo crewU (14) /Ua large amount of
6、rems. So far; noU (15) /Uamounts of radiation have been reported, but the Apollo missions have been quite short. We simply do not know yet how men are. going toU (16) /Uwhen they spend weeks and months outside theU (17) /Uof the atmosphere,U (18) /Uin a space laboratory. Drugs might help toU (19) /U
7、the damage done by radiation, but no reallyU (20) /Uones have been found so far.（分数：10.00）A.theB.withC.because ofD.dangerousA.usesB.actsC.treatsD.floatsA.offerB.provideC.makeD.obtainA.fromB.intoC.offD.byA.defendedB.preventedC.postponedD.screenedA.invulnerableB.viciousC.ineffectiveD.exposedA.doB.toC.
8、theyD.whoA.exposureB.radiationC.raysD.flyingA.reasonB.itC.thatD.moreA.receiveB.put up withC.copeD.put offA.rightB.sureC.understandableD.wiseA.whenB.furthermoreC.butD.evenA.yetB.stillC.norD.continuouslyA.accumulatedB.assembledC.containedD.gatheredA.largeB.enormousC.poisonousD.dangerousA.move alongB.s
9、tay aliveC.get onD.come backA.guardB.coverC.layerD.protectionA.flyingB.workingC.trappingD.stayingA.stopB.removeC.decreaseD.eliminateA.usefulB.effectiveC.purposefulD.efficient二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BPart A/BBDirections:/BRead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by
10、choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.BText 1/BBilingual education in New York City was originally viewed as a transitional program that would teach foreign-born children in their native languages until they were fluent enough in English to enter the educational mainstream. But
11、over the last 25 years, bilingual programs at many schools have become foreign-language ghettos from which many children never escape. The need to expose foreign-born students to more English during the school day-and to move them as quickly as possible into the mainstream-was underscored this week
12、in a pair of reports, one from Mayor Rudolph Giulianis task force on bilingual education and one form Schools Chancellor Harold Levy.The push to reform bilingual education has intensified across the country since the Silicon Valley millionaire Ron k. Unz championed a ballot initiative that ended bil
13、ingual education in California two years ago. Opponents of bilingual education want it replaced with the so-called immersion method, in which students are forced to “sink or swim“ in classes taught entirely in English. Immersion has at least a chance of success in the early grades, where children ar
14、e mainly being taught to read and write. But it is a recipe for failure in the upper grades, where older foreign-born students must simultaneously learn English and master complex subjects like math, science and literature.Mayor Giuliani and Schools Chancellor Levy have wisely called for reforming s
15、pecial education instead of dismantling it. Both reports want to end the practice of dragooning children into the system, and call on administrators to offer parents a range of choices. Instead of automatically assigning students to bilingual classes where they take subjects like mathematics and soc
16、ial studies in their native languagesparents would be allowed to choose other options, including the strategy of English as a second language, in which most instruction is offered in English. Children would be moved into the mainstream as quickly as possible, preferably within three years.But these
17、sensible reforms have little chance of succeeding unless the city and the state act quickly to train and recruit teachers who can perform the needed task. Nearly 30 percent of bilingual instructors are uncertified. Some have not even mastered the languages they have been hired to teach. True reform
18、will require dollars, determination and a qualified teacher in every classroom.（分数：10.00）(1).Which word can best describe the authors attitude to the two reports frequently mentioned?（分数：2.00）A.Supportive.B.Negative.C.Indifferent.D.Objective.(2).According to the passage, “sink or swim“ (Sentence 2,
19、Paragraph 2)is_.（分数：2.00）A.absolutely wrong.B.partly right.C.a good idea.D.a proven method.(3).Which of the following is NOT included in the two reports concerned?（分数：2.00）A.rents and children should have more right to choose courses.B.English may .be taught as a second language.C.Schools should est
20、ablish a system so that students may be moved into the mainstream as soon as possible.D.Bilingual education is out of date and should be replaced by a brand-new teaching system.(4).The word “dragoon“ (Sentence 2, Paragraph 3) probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.deceiveB.leadC.forceD.manage(5).At the end of t
21、he passage, suggestions are made EXCEPT_.（分数：2.00）A.that the city and state take actions to improve bilingual education.B.that teachers who make contributions in this field be rewarded.C.that schools be in great need of qualified teachers.D.that measures be taken to change the current situation.BTex
22、t 2/BIn a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employergovernment or private-should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and pri
23、vate employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus, one wo
24、uld expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women s earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchss results suggest that the earnings of women in an
25、industry composed entirely of government employees would be 14.6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees. Other things being equal.In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earn
26、ings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of white male and female workers from the 1970 Census and divided them into three categories:
27、private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities. ) Browns research design controlled for education, labor force participation, mobility, motivation, and age
28、in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the studys results. Browns results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this or
29、der is reversed.One can infer from Browns results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.Browns results are c
30、learly consistent with Fuchss argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employe
31、rs axe discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discrimination is not having as much effect on womens earnings as is discrimination in the private
32、sector.（分数：10.00）(1).The passage mentions all of the following as difficulties that self-employed women may encounter EXCEPT_.（分数：2.00）A.discrimination from consumersB.discrimination from financial institutionsC.problems in obtaining good employeesD.problems in obtaining government assistance(2).The
33、 author would be most likely to agree with the following conclusion about discrimination against women by private employers and by government employers:_.（分数：2.00）A.Both private employers and government employers discriminate, with equal effects on women s earnings.B.Both private employers and gover
34、nment employers discriminate, but the discrimination by private employers has .a greater effect on womens earnings.C.Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by government employers has a greater effect on womens earnings.D.Private employers discriminate;
35、it is possible that government employers discriminate.(3).According to Browns study, womens earnings categories occur in which of the following orders, from highest earnings to lowest earnings?（分数：2.00）A.Government employment, self-employment.B.Private employment, private employment, self-employment
36、C.Private employment, self-employment, government employment.D.Private employment, government employment, self-employment.(4).Which of the following questions does the passage answer explicitly?（分数：2.00）A.Why were Black workers excluded from the sample used in Browns study?B.Why do private employer
37、s discriminate more against women than do government employers?C.Why do self-employed women have more difficulty than men in hiring high quality employees?D.Why do suppliers discriminate against self-employed women?(5).Which of the following titles best describes the content of the passage as a whol
38、e?（分数：2.00）A.The Necessity for Earnings Differentials in Free Market Economy.B.Why Discrimination Against Employed Women by Government Employers and Private Employers Differs from Discrimination Against Self-Employed Women by Consumers.C.The Relative Effect of Discrimination by Government Employers,
39、 Private Employers, and Consumers on Womens Earnings.D.The Relative Effect of Private Employer Discrimination on Womens Earnings.BText 3/BSomething big is happening to the human race-something that could be called The Great Transformation.The Transformation consists of all the changes that are occur
40、ring m human life due to advancing technology. For thousands of years such progress occurred slowly. Now, everything is changing so fast that you may find yourself wondering where all this progress is really leading.Nobody knows what all these changes really will mean in the long run. But this myste
41、rious Transformation is the biggest story of all time. It is the story of the human race itself.Some people worry about what will happen when the deposits of petroleum are gone, but already researchers are finding all kinds of new ways to obtain energy. Someday, solar power collected by satellites c
42、ircling the earth of fission power manufactured by mankind may give us all the energy we need for an expanding civilization. Space exploration promises to open up many new territories for human settlement, as well as leading to the harvest of mineral resources like the asteroids.Scientific research
43、continues to open up previously undreamed-of possibilities. Fifty years ago, few people could even imagine things like computers, lasers, and holography. Today, a host of newly emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and genetic engineering are opening up all kinds of new paths for tec
44、hnologists.Like it or not, our advancing technology has made us masters of the earth. We not only dominate all the other animals, but we are reshaping the world s plant life and even its soil and rocks, its waters and surrounding air. Mountains are being dug up to provide minerals and stone for buil
45、dings. The very ground under our feet is washing away as we chop down the forests, plow up the fields, and excavate foundations for our buildings.Human junk is cluttering up not only the land but even the bottom of the sea. And so many chemicals are being released into the air by human activities th
46、at scientists worry that the entire globe may warm, causing the polar icecaps to melt and ocean waters to flood vast areas of the land.During the twentieth century, advancing technology has enabled man to reach thousands of feet into the ocean depths and to climb the highest mountains. Mount Everest
47、 the highest mountain of all, resisted all climbers until the 1950s: Now man is reaching beyond Earth to the moon, Mars, and the stars.No one knows what the Great Transformation means or where it will ultimately lead. But one thing is sure: Human life 50 years from now will be very different from w
48、hat it is today.Its also worth noting that our wondrous technology is posing an increasingly insistent question: When we can do so many things, how can we possibly decide what we really should do? When humans were relatively powerless, they didnt have to make the choices they have to make today.Tech
49、nology gives us the power to build a magnificent new civilizationif we can just agree on what we want it to be. But today, there is little global agreement on goals and how we should achieve them.So it remains to be seen what will happen as a result of our technology. Pessimists worry that we will use the technology eventual
