1、考研英语-189 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It is often observed that the aged spend much time thinking and talking about their past lives,U (1) /Uabout the future. These reminiscences are not simply random or trivial memories,U (2) /Uis their purpose merely to make conversat
2、ion. The old persons recollections of the past help toU (3) /Uan identity that is becoming increasingly fragile:U (4) /Uany role that brings respect or any goal that might provideU (5) /Uto the future, the individual mentions their past as a reminder to listeners, that here was a lifeU (6) /Uliving.
3、U (7) /U, the memories form part of a continuing lifeU (8) /U, in which the old personU (9) /Uthe events and experiences of the years gone by andU (10) /Uon the overall meaning of his or her own almost completed life.As the life cycleU (11) /Uto its close, the aged must also learn to accept the real
4、ity of their own impending death.U (12) /Uthis task is made difficult by the fact that death is almost aU (13) /Usubject in the United States. The mere discussion of death is often regarded asU (14) /UAs adults many of us find the topic frightening and areU (15) /Uto think about itand certainly not
5、to talk about itU (16) /Uthe presence of someone who is dying. Death has achieved this tabooU (17) /Uonly in the modern industrial societies. There seems to be an important reason for our reluctance toU (18) /Uthe idea of death. It is the very fact that death remainsU (19) /Uour control; it is almos
6、t the only one of the natural processesU (20) /Uis so.（分数：10.00）A.better thanB.rather thanC.less thanD.other thanA.soB.evenC.norD.hardlyA.preserveB.conserveC.resumeD.assumeA.performingB.playingC.undertakingD.lackingA.orientationB.implicationC.successionD.presentationA.worthyB.worthC.worthlessD.worth
7、whileA.In a wordB.In briefC.In additionD.In particularA.prospectB.impetusC.impressionD.reviewA.integratesB.incorporatesC.includesD.interactsA.reckonsB.countsC.reflectsD.conceivesA.keepsB.drawsC.inclinesD.tendsA.ThereforeB.AndC.YetD.OtherwiseA.tabooB.disputeC.contemptD.neglectA.notoriousB.indecentC.o
8、bscureD.desperateA.readyB.willingC.liableD.reluctantA.atB.onC.withD.inA.statusB.circumstanceC.environmentD.priorityA.encounterB.confrontC.tolerateD.exposeA.underB.aboveC.beyondD.withinA.whichB.whatC.asD.that二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BText 1/BSix years later, in an about-face, the FBI admits th
9、at federal agents fired tear gas canisters capable of causing a fire at the Branch Davidian compound near Waco, Texas in 1993. But the official said the firing came several hours before the structure burst into flames, killing 80 people including the Davidians leader, David Koresh.“In looking into t
10、his, weve come across information that shows some canisters that can be deemed pyrotechnic in nature were fired-hours before the fire started,“ the official said. “Devices were fired at the bunker, not at the main structure where the Davidians were camped out.“The Federal Bureau of Investigation mai
11、ntains it did not start what turned to be a series of fiery bursts of flames that ended a 51-day standoff between branch members and the federal government. “This doesnt change the bottom line that David Koresh started the fire and the government did not,“ the official said. “It simply Shows that de
12、vices that could probably be flammable were used in the early morning hours.“The law enforcement official said the canisters were fired not at the main structure where the Davidian members were camped out but at the nearby underground bunker. They bounced off the bunkers concrete roof and landed in
13、an open field well, the official said. The canisters were fired at around 6 a.m. , and the fire that destroyed the wooden compound started around noon, the official said. The official also added that other tear gas canisters used by agent that day were not flammable or potentially explosive.While Co
14、ulson denied the grenades played a role in starting the fire, his statement marked the first time that any U.S. government official has publicly contradicted the governments position that federal agents used nothing on the final day of the siege at Waco that could have sparked the fire that engulfed
15、 the compound. The cause of the fiery end is a major focus of an ongoing inquiry by the Texas Rangers into the Waco siege.（分数：10.00）(1).The FBI official has NOT admitted that_.（分数：2.00）A.the canisters were fired at the main structureB.the canisters were fired hours before the fire startedC.federal a
16、gents fired tear gas canisters capable of causing a fireD.other tear gas canisters that were not flammable or potentially explosive were also used(2).From the passage, what information can be inferred about the event in 19937_.（分数：2.00）A.The compound was blown up by the FBI agents.B.The compound bur
17、st into flames at dawn.C.The federal government besieged the compound for 51 days before the tragedy occurred.D.About 80 people were killed in the event except the Davidians leader, David Koresh.(3).After reading the passage, how much do you know about the compound near Waco?（分数：2.00）A.About 51 peop
18、le lived in the compound at the time of the event in 1993.B.It consisted of a main structure and a bunker.C.It was built of stone.D.It was a schoolhouse.(4).Coulsons speech has_.（分数：2.00）A.made the matter even more complicated and confusingB.been approved by the governmentC.met sharp criticismD.brou
19、ght the whole matter into broad daylight(5).The attitude of the narrator towards this message is_.（分数：2.00）A.neutralB.bitterC.excitedD.expectantBText 2/BThe question of whether war is inevitable is one, which has concerned many of the worlds great writers. Before considering this question, it will b
20、e useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something, which is in inadequate aupply. Competitors may not be
21、aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function is the disservice of one another.Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social en
22、tities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups in inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an e
23、ssential and desirable element of human societies.Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, 0nly the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such
24、as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victi
25、ms to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.Among nations there is competition
26、 in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-l
27、ike conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some terms in order to_.（分数：2.00）A.argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societiesB.smooth out the conflicts in human societiesC.disting
28、uish between two kinds of oppositionD.summarize the characteristic features of opposition and cooperation(2).According to the author, competition differs from conflict in that_.（分数：2.00）A.it results in war in most casesB.it induces efforts to expand territoryC.it is a kind of opposition among social
29、 entitiesD.it is essentially a struggle for existence(3).The phrase “function in the disservice of one another“ (Para. 1) most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.betray each otherB.harm one anotherC.help to collaborate with each otherD.benefit one another(4).The author indicates in the passage that conflict
30、_.（分数：2.00）A.is an inevitable struggle resulting from competitionB.reflects the struggle among social animalsC.is an opposition among individual social entitiesD.can be avoided(5).The passage is probably intended to answer the question“_.“（分数：2.00）A.Is war inevitable?B.Why is there conflict and comp
31、etition?C.Is conflict desirable?D.Can competition lead to conflict?BText 3/BHow efficient is our system of criminal trial? Does it really do the basic job we ask of itconvicting the guilty and acquitting the innocent? It is often said that the British trail system is more like a game than a serious
32、attempt to do justice. The lawyers on each side are so engrosses in playing hard to win, challenging each other and the judge on technical points, that the object of finding out the truth is almost forgotten. All the effort is concentrated on the big day, on the dramatic cross examination of the key
33、 witnesses in front of the jury. Critics like to compare our “adversarial“ system (resembling two adversaries engaged in a contest) with the continental “inquisitorial“ system, under which the judge plays a more important inquiring role.In early times, in the Middle Ages, the systems of trial across
34、 Europe were similar. At that time trial by “ordeal“especially a religious event-was the main way of testing guilt or innocence. When this way eventually abandoned the two systems parted company. On the continent church-trained legal officials took over the function of both prosecuting and judging,
35、while in England these were largely left to lay people, the Justice of the Peace and the jurymen who were illiterate and this meant that all the evidence had to be put to them orally. This historical accident dominates procedure even today, with all evidence being given in open court by word of mout
36、h on the crucial day.On the other hand, in France for instance, all the evidence is written before the trial under supervision by an investigating judge. This exhaustive pretrial looks very undramatic; much of it is just a public checking of the written records already gathered.The Americans adopted
37、 the British system lock, stock and barrel and enshrined it in their constitution. But, while the basic features of our systems are common, there are now significant differences in the way serious cases are handled. First, because the U. S. A. has virtually no contempt of court laws to prevent pretr
38、ial publicity in the newspaper and on television, Americans lawyers are allowed to question jurors about knowledge and beliefs.In Britain this is virtually never allowed, and a random selection of jurors who are presumed not to be prejudiced are empanelled. Secondly, there is no separate profession
39、of barrister in the United States, and both prosecution and defense lawyers who are to present cases in court prepare themselves. They go out and visit the scene, track down and interview witnesses, and familiarize themselves personally with the background. In Britain it is the solicitor who prepare
40、s the case, and the barrister who appears in court is not even allowed to meet witness beforehand, British barristers also alternate doing both prosecution and defense work. Being kept distant from the preparation and regularly appearing for both sides, barristers are said to avoid becoming too pers
41、onally involved, and can approach cases more dispassionately. American lawyers, however, often know their cases better.Reformers rightly want to learn from other countries mistakes and successes. But what is clear is that justice systems, largely because they are the result of long historical growth
42、, are peculiarly difficult to adapt piecemeal.（分数：10.00）(1).“British trial system is more like a game than a serious attempt to do justice.“ It implies that_.（分数：2.00）A.the British legal system can do the basic job well-convicting the guilty and acquitting the innocentB.the British legal system is w
43、orse than the continental legal systemC.the British legal system is often considered to be not very fairD.the British legal system is very efficient(2).Which of the following sentences is NOT true?（分数：2.00）A.Oral evidence was unnecessary in France because the judges and prosecutors could read.B.When
44、 trial by ordeal was finally abandoned throughout Europe, trial by jury was introduced in Britain.C.In the adversarial system, it is the lawyers who play the leading roles.D.Lawyers in Britain are prepared to lie in order to win their cases.(3).In Britain, newspapers_.（分数：2.00）A.do the same as Ameri
45、can newspapers doB.are not interested in publishing details about the trial before it takes placeC.are not allowed to publish details about the trial before it takes placeD.are allowed to publish details about the trial before it takes place(4).We can infer that American lawyers_.（分数：2.00）A.do not a
46、ttempt to familiarize themselves with casesB.prepare the cases themselvesC.tend to be more passionately involved in their casesD.tend to approach cases dispassionately(5).The passage_.（分数：2.00）A.questions whether the system of trial by jury can ever be completely efficientB.suggests a number of refo
47、rms which should be made to the legal system of various countriesC.describes how the British legal system works and compares it favourably with other systemsD.compares the legal systems of a number of countries and discusses their advantages and disadvantagesBText 4/BWhen it comes to the slowing eco
48、nomy, Ellen Spero isnt biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isnt cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as shed like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening econom
49、y. “Im a good economic indicator,“ she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when theyre concerned about saving some dollars.“ So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillards department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I dont know if other clients
