1、考研英语-255 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Many foreigners who have not visited Britain call all the inhabitants English, for they are used to thinking of the British Isles as England.U (1) /U, the British Isles contain a variety of peoples, and only the people of England ca
2、ll themselves English. The othersU (2) /Uto themselves as Welsh, Scottish, or Irish,U (3) /Uthe case may be; they are often slightly annoyedU (4) /Ubeing classified as “English“.Even in England there are manyU (5) /Uin regional character and speech. The chiefU (6) /Uis between southern England and n
3、orthern England. South of aU (7) /Ugoing from Bristol to London, people speak the type of English usually learnt by foreign students,U (8) /Uthere are local variations.Further north, regional speech is usually“U (9) /U“than that of southern Britain. Northerners areU (10) /Uto claim that they work ha
4、rder than Southerners, and are moreU (11) /UThey are openhearted and hospitable; foreigners often find that they make friends with themU (12) /U. Northerners generally have heartyU (13) /U: the visitor to Lancashire or Yorkshire, for instance, may look forward to receiving generousU (14) /Uat meal t
5、imes.In accent and character the people of the MidlandsU (15) /Ua gradual change from the southern to the northern type of Englishman.In Scotland the soundU (16) /Uby the letter “R“ is generally a strong sound, and “R“ is often pronounced in words in which it would beU (17) /Uin southern English. Th
6、e Scots are said to be a serious, cautious, thrifty people,U (18) /Uinventive and somewhat mystical. All the Celtic peoples of Britain (the Welsh, the Irish, the Scots) are frequentlyU (19) /Uas being more “fiery“ than the English. They areU (20) /Ua race that is quite distinct from the English.（分数：
7、10.00）A.In consequenceB.In briefC.In generalD.In factA.confineB.attachC.referD.addA.asB.whichC.forD.soA.withB.byC.atD.forA.similaritiesB.differencesC.certaintiesD.featuresA.factorB.virtueC.privilegeD.divisionA.lineB.rowC.borderD.scaleA.whoB.whenC.thoughD.forA.widerB.broaderC.rarerD.scarcerA.usedB.ap
8、tC.possibleD.probableA.perfectB.notoriousC.superiorD.thoroughA.swiftlyB.promptlyC.immediatelyD.quicklyA.appetitesB.tastesC.interestsD.sensesA.helpingsB.offeringsC.fillingsD.findingsA.representB.designateC.demonstrateD.reckonA.deliveredB.denotedC.depictedD.definedA.quietB.obscureC.faintD.silentA.rath
9、erB.stillC.somehowD.evenA.renderedB.thoughtC.impressedD.describedA.withB.ofC.amongD.against二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BText 1/BA weather map is an important tool for geographers. A succession of three of four maps presents a continuous picture of weather changes. Weather forecasts are able to d
10、etermine the speed of air masses and fronts; to determine whether an individual pressure area is deepening or becoming shallow and whether a front is increasing or decreasing in intensity. They are also able to determine whether an air mass is retaining its original characteristics or taking on thos
11、e of the surface over which it is moving. Thus, a most significant function of the map is to reveal a synoptic picture of conditions in the atmosphere at a given time.All students of geography should be able to interpret a weather map accurately. Weather maps contain an enormous amount of informatio
12、n about weather conditions existing at the time of observation over a large geographical area. They reveal in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describe. The United States weather Bureau issues information about approaching storms, floods, frosts, droughts, and all climatic conditions
13、 in general. Twice a month it issues a 30-day “outlook“ which is a rough guide to weather conditions likely to occur over broad areas of the United States. These 30-day outlooks are based upon an analysis of the upper air levels with often set the stage for the development of air masses, fronts, and
14、 storms.Considerable effort is being exerted today to achieve more accurate weather predictions. With the use of electronic instruments and earth satellites, enormous gains have taken place recently in identifying and tracking storms over regions which have but few meteorological stations. Extensive
15、 experiments are also in progress for weather modification studies. But the limitations of weather modification have prevented meteorological results except in the seeding of super-cooled, upslope mountainous winds which have produced additional orographical precipitation on the windward side of mou
16、ntain ranges. Nevertheless, they have provided a clearer understanding of the fundamentals of weather elements.（分数：10.00）(1).One characteristic of weather maps not mentioned by the author in this passage is_.（分数：2.00）A.wind speedB.thermal changesC.frontsD.barometric pressure(2).The thirty-day foreca
17、st is determined by examining_.（分数：2.00）A.upper air levelsB.satellite reportsC.changing frontsD.daily air maps(3).The observation of weather conditions by satellites is advantageous because it_.（分数：2.00）A.gives the scientist information not obtained readily otherwiseB.enables man to alter the weathe
18、rC.uses electronic instrumentsD.is modern(4).A weather map is synoptic because it_.（分数：2.00）A.summarizes a great deal of informationB.can be interpreted accuratelyC.appears dailyD.shows changing fronts(5).At the present time, experiments are being conducted in_.（分数：2.00）A.30-day “outlook“B.controlli
19、ng stormsC.satellitesD.manipulating weatherBText 2/BImagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion-a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neith
20、er joy nor pleasure, neither anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people woul
21、d be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members of groups. Societys economic underpinnings would be destroyed: since earning $
22、10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $10, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emo
23、tions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an objects physical aspects are less important than what
24、 it has done or can do to us-hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations coloured by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and acti
25、ons arc “good“ and others are “bad“, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life-from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, mora
26、lity, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals when perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such flying fighter planes in a war, and Uses the legal and penal system to
27、 make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.（分数：10.00）(1).The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that_.（分数：2.00）A.they would not be able to tell the texture of objectsB.they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to themC.they would
28、not be happy with a life without loveD.they would do things that hurt each others feeling(2).According to the passage, peoples learning activities are possible because they_.（分数：2.00）A.believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay aliveB.benefit from rewarded for doing the right thingC.know
29、 what is vital to progress of societyD.enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thing(3).It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependen on_.（分数：2.00）A.the ability to make moneyB.the will to work for pleasureC.the capacity to enjoy incentivesD.the categorizati
30、ons of our emotional experiences(4).Emotions are significant for mans survival and adaptation because_.（分数：2.00）A.they provide the means by which people view the size or shape of objectsB.they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by which society is maintainedC.they encourage people to
31、perform dangerous achievementsD.they generate more love than hate among people(5).The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they_.（分数：2.00）A.help society exploit its members for profitB.encourage us to perform important tasksC.help to perfect the legal a
32、nd penal systemD.help us adapt our behaviour to the world surrounding usBText 3/BReal policemen hardly recognize any resemblance between their lives and what they see on TV.The first difference is that a policemans real life revolves found criminal law. He has to know exactly what actions are crimes
33、 and what evidence can be used to prove them in court. He has to know nearly as much law as a professional lawyer, and what is more, he has to apply it on his feet, in the dark and-rain, running down a street after someone he wants to talk to.Little of his time is spent in chatting, he will spend mo
34、st of his working life typing millions of words on thousands of forms about hundreds of sad, unimportant people who are guilty of stupid, petty crimes.Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal: as soon as hes arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much
35、 of a problem. Except in very serious cases like murders and terrorist attacks little effort is spent on searching.Having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work. He has to prove his case in court and to do that he often has to gather a lot of difference evidence.The third big difference b
36、etween the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasant pressures, first, as members of a police force they always have to behave absolutely in accordance with the law secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get results. They can hardly ever do both. Most of the time some of them h
37、ave to break the rules in small ways.If the detective has to deceive the world, the world often deceives him. Hardly anyone he meets tells him the truth. And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple-mindedness-as he sees it-of citizens,
38、social workers, doctors, law-makers, and judges, who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform. The result, detectives feel, is that nine-tenths of their work is recatching people who should have stayed behind bars. This makes them r
39、ather cynical.（分数：10.00）(1).A policeman has to be trained in criminal law because_.（分数：2.00）A.he must be able to tell when and where a crime is committedB.he must justify the arrests he makes of criminalsC.he must behave as professional lawyers doD.he must work hard to help reform criminals(2).What
40、is the most suitable word that describes the work of a policeman according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.DistressingB.DramaticC.DangerousD.Demanding(3).According to the passage, policemen spend most of their time and efforts_.（分数：2.00）A.consulting the rules of lawB.collecting and providing evidenceC.tra
41、cking and arresting criminalsD.patrolling the street, rain or shine(4).Whats the policemans biggest headache?（分数：2.00）A.He has to justify his arrests while unable to provide sufficient evidence in most cases.B.He has to provide the best possible public service at the least possible expense.C.He has
42、to get the most desirable results without breaking the law in any way.D.He can hardly find enough time to learn criminal law while burdened with numerous criminal cases.(5).Why do policemen feel separated from the rest of the world?（分数：2.00）A.Because they feel superior to simple-minded people around
43、 them.B.Because they are suspicious of the people around them.C.Because they do not receive due support from society.D.Because they find people insincere to them.BText 4/BRichard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force bringing virtual reality to medicine,
44、 where computers create a “virtual“ or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners (从业者).“With virtual reality well be able to put a surgeon in every trench,“ said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equi
45、pped with computers.The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U. S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets (头盔) that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefi
46、eld mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.Although Satavas vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons wa
47、tch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound.These technological wonders may not yet be p
48、art of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then
49、maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path to the tumor (肿瘤). Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgica
