1、考研英语-430 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)More and more residences, businesses, and even government agencies are using telephone answering machines to take messages or give information or instructions. Sometimes these machines give (1) instructions, or play messages tha
2、t are difficult to understand. If you (2) telephone calls, you need to be ready to respond if you get a (3) . The most common machine is the (4) used in residence. If you call a home (5) there is a telephone answering machine in operation you (6) hear several rings and then a recorded message (7) us
3、ually says something (8) this: “Hello. We cant come to the (9) right now. If you want us to call you back, please leave your name and number after the beep.“ Then you will hear a “beep,“ (10) is a brief, high-pitched (11) . Alter the beep, you can say who you are, whom you want to speak to, and what
4、 number the person should call to (12) you, or you can leave a (13) . Some telephone answering machines (14) for only 20 or 30 seconds after the beep, so you must respond quickly. Some large businesses and government agencies are using telephone answering machines to provide information on (15) abou
5、t which they receive a large volume of (16) . Using these systems (17) you to have a touch-tone phone (a phone with buttons rather than a rotary dial). The voice on the machine will tell your to push a certain button on your telephone if you want in-formation on Topic A, another button for Topic B,
6、and so on. You listen (18) you hear the topic you want to learn about, and then you push the (19) button. After making your (20) , you will hear a recorded message on the topic.（分数：10.00）A.obscureB.wrongC.confusingD.clearA.takeB.makeC.doD.getA.machineB.messageC.instructionD.recordingA.typeB.kindC.so
7、rtD.characterA.whichB.whereC.whyD.whenA.probablyB.certainlyC.willD.mayA.whoB.whatC.itD.thatA.likeB.inC.forD.aboutA.placeB.phoneC.homeD.roomA.thatB.whoC.oneD.whichA.turtleB.noiseC.voiceD.toneA.catchB.tellC.reachD.meetA.noteB.recordC.messageD.speechA.recordB.speakC.receiveD.workA.topicsB.thingsC.argum
8、entsD.concernsA.questionsB.inquiriesC.problemsD.complaintsA.commandsB.requiresC.asksD.requestsA.whenB.afterC.untilD.beforeA.correctB.toldC.bestD.appropriateA.selectionB.solutionC.experimentD.decision二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Fortunately there a
9、re still a few tasty things for us gourmands to enjoy in relative security. Their numbers, however, are depleted almost daily. It seems, by ruthless proclamations from the ever-vigilant Food and Drug Administration and its allies, our doctors. The latest felon to face prosecution is the salt of life
10、, sodium chloride.Ostensibly, overuse of salt muses high blood pressure and hypertension, the cause of half the deaths in the United States every year. A few years ago the anti-salt campaigners raised such a rumpus that salt was banned from baby food. Currently pressure is being applied to food manu
11、facturers to oblige them to label their products to show sodium content. Bemuse doing so would cost mercenary manufacturers money, they argue that they have no idea how much salt remains on such things as potato chips and how much sticks to the bag. Furthermore, salt isnt the only harmful ingredient
12、 in food. If the manufacturer has to provide sodium content, why not require him to list every ingredient and specify which are detrimental to our health? Cigarettes have a warning printed on them. Shouldnt the same type of warning appear on canned foods that are notoriously over-salted?There are en
13、dless ifs and buts in the controversy, but the most telling of these is the questionable proof of salt s diabolic effect upon blood pressure. True, people who cut their salt intake lowered their blood pressure, but where is the scientific proof that something other than salt didnt do the trick? The
14、most common means of providing dubious proof that salt causes hyper tension is to compare societies that use little salt with those that use mountains of salt in their daily diets. Which group has the higher rate of hypertension? Whose blood pressure is lower? What happens when salt is introduced in
15、to a group where salt is a novelty? Does the blood pressure rise significantly? Studies of the Japanese indicate that as the worlds greatest salters, they suffer the most from hypertension. On the other hand, the simple, salt-free cuisine of several tribes in the Solomon Islands has kept older tribe
16、smen and women from developing hypertension and high blood pressure, ailments traditionally killing their peers in America. No account is taken of the effects of inflation, recession, pollution, crime, and sundry other ills to which Americans unlike people on primitive islands, are exposed.To salt o
17、r not to salt? That is the question. Now that the question has arisen, it must not be treated with levity but, rather, with searching scientific investigation so that those of us who are preoccupied with both savory food and longevity may decide which of the two is worth its salt.（分数：10.00）(1).What
18、is the attitude of the author of this passage toward the salt controversy?（分数：2.00）A.We must stop eating salt immediately.B.She is not convinced that salt is harmful.C.The Food and Drug Administration works well with doctors.D.Soon there won t be anything tasty left to eat.(2).What is the authors at
19、titude to the topic?（分数：2.00）A.Angry.B.Humorous.C.Scientific.D.Sympathetic:(3).What does the word “felon“ (Sentence 4, Paragraph 1) probably mean?（分数：2.00）A.foodB.additiveC.criminalD.gourmand(4).Food manufacturers do not want to label packages with sodium content because_.（分数：2.00）A.they disagree wi
20、th the FDAB.salt doesnt stick to potato chipsC.they would have to spend more moneyD.it isnt important to single out salt(5).Which of the following is the authors suggestion with regard to the salt controversy?（分数：2.00）A.Americans should learn a lesson form Japanese.B.Compare societies that little sa
21、lt with those use mountains of salt in their daily diets.C.We should eat as little salt as possible.D.Do scientific investigation and let people themselves make choices.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States lef
22、t the South, where most of the Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with. the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migratio
23、n came from rural areas and were motivated by two factors: the collapse of the cotton industry, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the concl
24、usion that the migrants subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.But the question of who actually left the South has never been thoroughly investigated. Although numerous i
25、nvestigations document an exodus (大批出走) from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600, 000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force, reported themselves to be
26、engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits“, the federal census category roughly encompassing the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be enti
27、ced to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South.About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slaveryblacksmiths, masons, carpenterswhich had had a monopoly of certa
28、in trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and out-date. The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black
29、 workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. During that period, urban black workers faced competition from the continuing arrival of both Black and White rural workers, w
30、ho were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs. Thus a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their sub-sequent economic problems in the North to their rural background comes into que
31、stion.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following records has been a source of information in her investigation?（分数：2.00）A.United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930.B.Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930.C.The Volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910.D.The
32、federal census of 1910.(2).According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910?（分数：2.00）A.They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.B.They had begun to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.C.They had increased in
33、large southern cities bm decreased in small southern cities.D.They had increased in newly developed industries but decreased in the older trades.(3).The author cities each of the following as possible influences in a Black workers decision to migrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT_.（分数：2.00）A.w
34、age levels in northern citiesB.voting rights in northern statesC.the Black pressD.competition from the rural workers(4).It can be inferred from the passage that “easy conclusion(Paragraph 3) is based on one of the following assumptions:（分数：2.00）A.People who migrate from rural areas to large cities u
35、sually do so for economic reasons.B.Most people who leave rural areas to take jobs in cities return to rural areas as soon as it is financially possible for them to do so.C.People with rural backgrounds are less likely to succeed economically in cities than are those with urban backgrounds.D.Most pe
36、ople who were once skilled workers are not willing to work as un- skilled workers.(5).The primary purpose of the passage is to_.（分数：2.00）A.argue that a discarded theory deserves new attentionB.present evidence that resolves a contradictionC.introduce a recently discovered source of informationD.chal
37、lenge a widely accepted explanation六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people could
38、receive humane care in hospital-like environments and treatment which might help restore them to sanity. By the mid-1800s 20 states had established asylums. But during the late 1800s and early 1900s, in the face of economic depression, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for dec
39、ent care. Asylums became overcrowded and prison-like. Additionally, patients were more resistant to treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint were needed to protect patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing pla
40、ces in which the fights of patients were all but forgotten.These conditions continued until after World War . At that time, new treatments were discovered for some major mental illnesses considered untreatable (penicillin for syphilis of the brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressi
41、ons), and a succession of books, motion pictures, and newspapers called attention to the plight of the mentally ill. Improvements were made, and Dr. David Vails Humane Practices Programme is a beacon for today. But changes were store in coming until the early 1960s. At that time, the Civil Rights Mo
42、vement led lawyers to investigate Americas prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the institutions that were worse than the hospitals for the criminally insane. The prisons were filled with angry young men who, encouraged by legal support
43、, were quick to demand their fights. The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered “crazy“ and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use of severe bodily restraints and large dose of major tranquillizers. The young cadre of p
44、ublic interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong. And in many states, they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice,
45、which, once exposed, was hound to shock the public and, particularly, the judicial conscience.Judicial interventions have had some definite positive effects, but there is growing awareness that courts cannot provide the standards and the review mechanisms that assure good patient care. The details o
46、f providing day-to-day care simply cannot be mandated by a court, so it is time to take from the courts the responsibility for delivery of mental heath care and assurance of patient fights and return it to the state mental health administrators to whom the mandate was originally given. Though it is
47、a difficult task, administrators must undertake to write rules and standards and to provide the training and surveillance to assure that treatment is given and patient rights are respected.（分数：10.00）(1).The main purpose of the passage is to_.（分数：2.00）A.discuss the influence of Dorothea Dix on the me
48、ntal health movementB.provide a historical perspective on problems of mental health careC.increase public awareness of the plight of the mentally illD.shock the reader with vivid descriptions of asylums(2).The authors attitude towards patients in stare institutions cart best be described as_.（分数：2.0
49、0）A.inflexible and insensitiveB.detached and neutralC.understanding and sympatheticD.knowledgeable but unsupportive(3).Which of the following statements is true in the early 1960s, according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The prisoners are mainly blacks.B.The prisoners are passive and easy to champion.C.The prisoners are treated with newly-developed treatments for mental illnesses.D.The prisoners are reluctant to demand their rights.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that but for the Civil Rights Movement,_.（分数：2.00）A.states would never ha
