1、考研英语-431 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Here I want to try to give you an answer to the question: What personal qualities are desirable in a teacher?Probably no two people would (1) exactly similar lists, but I think the following would be generally (2) .First, the te
2、achers personality should be pleasantly (3) and attractive. This does not rule out people who are physically (4) , or even ugly, because many such have great personal (5) But it (6) rule out such types as the (7) , melancholy, frigid, sarcastic, frustrated, and overbearing: I would say too, that it
3、(8) all of dull or purely negative personality.Secondly, it is not merely desirable (9) essential for a teacher to have a genuine (10) for sympathya capacity to tune (11) to the minds and feelings of other people, especially, to the minds and feelings of children. (12) related with this is the capac
4、ity to be (13) not, indeed, of what is wrong, but of the frailty (意志薄弱) and immaturity of human nature which (14) people, and again especially children, to make mistakes.Thirdly, I (15) it essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and morally honest. This does not mean being a saint. It mean
5、s that he will be aware of his intellectual strength, and (16) , and will have thought about and decided upon the moral principles by which his life shall be (17) There is no contradiction in my going on to say that a teacher should be a (18) of an actor. That is part of the technique of teaching, w
6、hich demands that every now and then a teacher should be able to (19) an actto enliven a lesson, correct a fault, or (20) praise. Children, especially young children, live in a world that is rather larger than life.（分数：10.00）A.draw upB.put downC.make outD.hand inA.agreedB.approvedC.recognizedD.accep
7、tedA.liveB.livingC.lifelikeD.aliveA.strongB.plainC.simpleD.soundA.appreciationB.enjoymentC.charmD.identityA.willB.doesC.wouldD.doesntA.over-excitingB.over-excitableC.over-irritableD.over-sensitiveA.includesB.erasesC.involvesD.excludesA.yetB.neverthelessC.butD.orA.capacityB.strengthC.powerD.abilityA.
8、outB.aboutC.inD.upA.SignificantlyB.CloselyC.ConsequentlyD.ParticularlyA.tolerableB.patientC.popularD.tolerantA.helpB.induceC.arouseD.agitateA.regardB.estimateC.holdD.perceiveA.shortcomingsB.limitationsC.defectsD.drawbacksA.presidedB.managedC.orientedD.guidedA.bitB.littleC.lotD.coupleA.put acrossB.pu
9、t onC.put upD.put in forA.allotB.assignC.awardD.reward二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)From the 18th through the mid-19th century, whale oil provided light to much of the Western world. At its peak, whaling employed 70,000 people and was the United St
10、ates fifth-largest industry. The U. S. stood as the worlds foremost whale slayer. Producing millions of gallons of oil each year, the industry was widely seen as unassailable, with advocates scoffing at would-be illumination substitutes like. lard oil and camphene. Without whale oil, so the thinking
11、 went, the world would slide backward toward darkness.By todays standard, of course, slaughtering whales is considered barbaric. Two hundred years ago there was no environmental movement to speak of. But one wonders if the whalers, finding that each year they needed to go farther afield from Nantuck
12、et Island to kill massive sea mammals, ever asked themselves: what will happen when we run out of whales? Such questions today constitute the cornerstone of the ever-louder logic of sustainability.Climate alarmists and campaigning environmentalists argue that the industrialized countries of the worl
13、d have made sizable withdrawals on natures fixed allowance, and unless we change our ways, and soon, we are doomed to an abrupt end. Take the recent proclamation from the United Nations Environment Program, which argued that governments should dramatically cut back on the use of resources. The mantr
14、a has become commonplace: our current way of living is selfish and unsustainable. We are wrecking the world. We are cutting down the rainforest. We are polluting the water. We are polluting the air. We are killing plants and animals, destroying the ozone layer, burning the world through our addictio
15、n to fossil fuels, and leaving a devastated planet for future generations. In other words, humanity is doomed.It is a compelling story, no doubt. It is also fundamentally wrong, and the consequences are severe. Tragically, exaggerated environmental worriesand the willingness of so many to believe th
16、emcould ultimately prevent us from finding smarter ways to actually help our planet and ensure the health of the environment for future generations.Because, our fears notwithstanding, we actually get smarter. Although Westerners were once reliant on whale oil for lighting, we never actually ran out
17、of whales. Why? High demand and rising prices for whale oil spurred a search for and investment in the 19th-century version of alternative energy. First, kerosene from petroleum replaced whale oil. We didnt run out of kerosene, either: electricity supplanted, it because it was a superior way to ligh
18、t our planet.For generations, we have consistently underestimated our capacity for innovation. There was a time when we worried that all of London would be covered with horse manure because of the increasing use of horse-drawn carriages. Thanks to the invention of the car, London has 7 million inhab
19、itants today. Dung disaster averted.In fact, would-be catastrophes have regularly been pushed aside throughout human history, and so often because of innovation and technological development. We never just continue to do the same old thing. We innovate and avoid the anticipated problems.（分数：10.00）(1
20、).By mentioning the whale oil, the author means to make the point that（分数：2.00）A.killing whales used to be a necessary evil.B.whale oil could hardly be replaced by lard oil and camphene.C.whale-killing triggered the modern environmental movement.D.people can often find substitutes for exhaustible th
21、ings through innovation.(2).From the last sentence of the second paragraph we learn that（分数：2.00）A.people have stopped disputing the practice of whale killing.B.the number of whales has risen despite mass slaughter.C.modern society is more alert to the sustainability of nature.D.environmentalists ha
22、ve brought whale killing to an abrupt end.(3).According to the author, the message from the UN Environment Program（分数：2.00）A.should be taken seriously if we want to save humanity.B.can only hinder humans from averting possible disasters.C.has exaggerated the situation but is true of the present worl
23、d.D.has offered us nothing new about the sustainability of the planet.(4).The cases of horse manure and whale oil are similar in that（分数：2.00）A.both of the problems existed in the 18th and 19th centuries.B.both of them were used for illuminating homes and streets.C.both examples demonstrate the powe
24、r of human innovation.D.neither of them made humans worried about their exhaustion.(5).The authors attitude to the environmentalists alarming rhetoric is（分数：2.00）A.negative.B.supportive.C.impersonal.D.defensive.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)With the Internet fast becoming the most important communications
25、 channel, it is untenable for the United States not to have a regulator to ensure nondiscriminatory access, guarantee interconnectivity among rival networks and protect consumers from potential abuse.Yet thats exactly where the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit left
26、 us all when it said this month that the Federal Communications Commission didnt have the authority to regulate the Internetand specifically, could not force the cable giant Comcast to stop blocking peer-to-peer sites.The decision, in the words of the F. C. C.s general counsel, Austin Schlick, under
27、mines the agencys ability to serve as “the cop on the beat for 21st-century communications networks.“ It also puts at risk big chunks of the F. C. C.s strategy for increasing the reach of broadband Internet to all corners of the country and fostering more competition among providers.Chairman Julius
28、Genachowski said the commission is not planning to appeal the decision, and is studying its options. The F. C. C. could try to forge ahead with its broadband plan despite the courts decision. Or Congress could give the F. C.C. specific authority to regulate broadband access. But the court tightly ci
29、rcumscribed the F. C. C.s actions. And with Republicans determined to oppose pretty much anything the administration wants, the odds of a rational debate on the issues are slim.Fortunately, the commission has the tools to fix this problem. It can reverse the Bush administrations predictably antiregu
30、latory decision to define broadband Internet access as an information service, like Google or Amazon, over which it has little regulatory power. Instead, it can define broadband as a communications service, like a phone company, over which the commission has indisputable authority.The F. C. C. at th
31、e time argued that a light regulatory touch would foster alternative technologies and aggressive competition among providers. It assumed that the Internet of the future would be dominated by companies like AOL that bundle access with other services, justifying its conflation of access and informatio
32、n. And it claimed that it could still regulate broadband access even if it was classified as a service. All it had to do was convince the courts that it was necessary to further other statutory goals, like promoting the roll-out of competitive Internet services. This legal argument did not hold up.A
33、ny move now by the F. C. C. to redefine broadband would surely unleash a torrent of lawsuits by broadband providers, but the commission has solid legal grounds to do that. To begin with, the three arguments advanced by the F. C.C. during the Bush years have proved wrong. Rather than seeing an explos
34、ion of new competition, the broadband access business has consolidated to the point that many areas of the country have only one provider. Broadband Internet has unbundled into a business with many unrelated information service providers vying for space on the pipelines of a few providers. And most
35、persuasively: broadband access is probably the most important communications service of our time. One that needs a robust regulator.（分数：10.00）(1).The F. C.C. intends to（分数：2.00）A.restrict access to broadband Internet.B.facilitate access to broadband Internet.C.block peer-to-peer sites.D.monopolize a
36、ccess to broadband Internet.(2).The courts decision（分数：2.00）A.frustrates the F. C.C. in its attempt to play “the Internet police. “B.supports the F. C. C. in its desire to regulate broadband access.C.stops the cable giant Comcast from blocking peer-to-peer sites.D.increases the reach of broadband In
37、ternet to every part of the country.(3).The Republicans（分数：2.00）A.show great concern for the courts decision.B.will initiate a debate in the Congress.C.show great indifference to the courts decision.D.are unlikely to support the F. C.C. in its effort.(4).How does the F. C. C. justify the necessity f
38、or regulation?（分数：2.00）A.A communications service cant run well if it is out of control.B.Regulation is likely to stimulate innovation and competition.C.Regulation can help to bundle access with other services.D.The Internet is better regulated by F. C. C. than by AOL.(5).What was wrong with the F.
39、C. C.s policy during the Bush years?（分数：2.00）A.It imposed rigid rules on communication service.B.It allowed access to too much unrelated information.C.It led to greater monopoly in providing service.D.The F. C. C. became too powerful a regulator.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Scientists have long bickered
40、over whether hypocrisy is driven by emotion or by reason. The role of emotion in moral judgments has upended the Enlightenment notion that our ethical sense is based on high-minded philosophy and cognition.In a new study that will not exactly restore your faith in human nature, psychologists David D
41、eSteno and Piercarlo Valdesolo of Northeastern University instructed 94 people to assign themselves and a stranger one of two tasks, an easy one, looking for hidden images in a photo, or a hard one, solving math and logic problems. The participants could make the assignments themselves, or have a co
42、mputer do it randomly. Then everyone was asked, how fairly did you act?, from “extremely unfairly“ (1) to “extremely fairly“ (7). Next they watched someone else make the assignments, and judged that persons ethics.Selflessness was a virtual no-show. 87 out of 94 people opted for the easy task and ga
43、ve the next guy the onerous one. Hypocrisy, however, showed up with bells on. every single person who made the selfish choice judged his own behavior more lenientlyon average, 4.5 vs. 3.1than that of someone else who grabbed the easy task for himself, the scientists will report in the Journal of Exp
44、erimental Social Psychology.The gap suggests how that kind of hypocrisy is possible. For one thing, peoples emotions might have gotten the better of them. When we judge our own transgressions less harshly than we judge the same transgressions in others, DeSteno said, it may be because “we have this
45、automatic, gut-level instinct to preserve our self-image. “ Adds Dan Batson of the University of Kansas, a pioneer in hypocrisy studies, “people have learned that it pays to seem moral, since it lets you avoid censure and guilt. But even better is appearing moral without having to pay the cost of ac
46、tually being moral“ such as assigning yourself the tough job.To test the role of cognition in hypocrisy, DeSteno had volunteers again assign themselves an easy task and a stranger an onerous one. But before judging the fairness of their actions, they had to memorize seven numbers. This ploy keeps th
47、e brains thinking regions too tied up to think much about anything else, and it worked, hypocrisy vanished. People judged their own (selfish) behavior as harshly as they did others, strong evidence that moral hypocrisy requires a high-order cognitive process. When the thinking part of the brain is o
48、therwise engaged, were left with gut-level reactions, and we intuitively and equally condemn bad behavior by ourselves as well as others.If our gut knows when we have erred and judges our transgressions harshly, moral hypocrisy might not be as inevitable as if it were the child of emotions and insti
49、ncts, which are tougher to change than thinking. “Since its a cognitive process, we have volitional control over it,“ argues DeSteno.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the Enlightenment philosophers, moral judgment is driven by（分数：2.00）A.emotion.B.reason.C.hypocrisy.D.both emotion and reason.(2).In the study, DeSteno and Valdesolo found that（分数：2.00）A.people often misinterpreted others behavior and motives.B.selfish people never realize that they are performing such acts.C.people judged themselves more harshly than they do others.D.a large majority of people d
