1、考研英语-519 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Deflation is an economic theory relating changes in the price levels to changes in the quantity of money. In its developed (1) , it constitutes an analysis of the (2) underlying inflation and deflation. As (3) by the English phi
2、losopher John Locke in the 17th century, the Scottish (4) David Hume in the 18th century, and (5) , it was a weapon (6) the mercantilists, who were thought to equate wealth with money. If the (7) of money by a nation merely raised (8) , argued the quantity theorists, then a “favourable“ balance of t
3、rade, (9) desired by mercantilists, would increase the supply of money but would not in-crease (10) . In the 19th century the quantity theory (11) to the ascendancy of free trade over protectionism. In the 19th and 20th centuries it played a part in the (12) of business cycles and in the theory of f
4、oreign (13) rates.The (14) theory came under attack during the 1930s, (15) monetary expansion seemed ineffective in combating deflation. Economists argued that the levels of investment and government spending were more important than the money supply in determining economic activity.The tide of opin
5、ion (16) again in the 1960s, when experience (17) post-World War inflation and new empirical (18) of money and prices (19) A Monetary History of the United States (1963) by Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartzrestored much of the quantity theory s lost prestige. One implication of this theory is that t
6、he size of the stock of money must be considered when shaping governmental policies (20) to control prices and maintain full employment.（分数：10.00）A.formB.shapeC.figureD.appearanceA.causesB.factorsC.factsD.partsA.discoveredB.discussedC.reportedD.developedA.scientistB.philosopherC.professorD.thinkerA.
7、othersB.the otherC.anotherD.otherA.forB.againstC.byD.withA.accumulationB.earnC.spendingD.disposalA.amountsB.pricesC.levelsD.rangesA.sinceB.ifC.beforeD.as10A.wageB.salaryC.wealthD.payA.accessesB.contributedC.pointedD.explainedA.analysisB.thoughtC.preservationD.existenceA.changeB.exchangeC.communicati
8、onD.alterA.numberB.quantityC.qualityD.figureA.whereB.whatC.whenD.whichA.reversedB.occurredC.emergedD.finishedA.byB.forC.sinceD.withA.studiesB.discoversC.findingsD.questionsA.similar toB.such asC.along withD.aside fromA.measuredB.pointedC.ledD.meant二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数
9、：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Few insects have inspired as much fear and hatred as the diminutive fire ants, less than half an inch long but living in colonies of more than 250,000 others. Everyone in the southern United States gets to know fire ants sooner or later by painful experience. Fire ants
10、live in large earthen mounds and are true social insectsthat means they have a caste system (division of labor), with a specialized caste that lays eggs (queen) and a worker caste of sterile females. There are several reasons that they are considered pests. About 60% of people living in areas where
11、fire ants occur are stung every year. Of these, about 1% have some degree of allergic reaction (called anaphylaxis) to the sting. Their large mounds are unsightly and can damage mowing equipment. Fire ants sometimes enter electrical and mechanical equipment and can short out switches or chew through
12、 insulation. Finally, as fire ants move into new areas, they reduce diversity of native ants and prey on larger animals such as ground-nesting birds and turtles.Even though fire ants are pests in many circumstances, they can actually be beneficial in others. There is evidence that their predatory ac
13、tivities can reduce the numbers of some other important pests. In cotton, for example, they prey on important pests that eat cotton plants such as bollworms and budworms. In Louisiana sugarcane, an insect called the sugar-cane borer used to be a very important pest before fire ants arrived and began
14、 preying on it. Fire ants also prey on ticks and fleas.Whether fire ants are considered pest or not depend on where they are found, but one thing is surewe had best get used to living with them. Eradication attempts in the 1960s and 1970s failed for a number of reasons, and scientists generally agre
15、e that complete elimination of fire ants from the United States is not possible. A new, long-term approach to reducing fire ant populations involves classical biological control. When fire ants were accidentally brought to the United States, most of their parasites and diseases were not. Classical b
16、iological control involves identifying parasites and diseases specific to fire ants in South America, testing them to be sure that they don t attack or infect native plants or animals, and establishing them in the introduced fire ant population in the United States. Since fire ants are about 5 to 7
17、times more abundant here than in South America, scientists hope to re-duce their numbers using this approach.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “caste“ (line 4, paragraph 1) most probably means（分数：2.00）A.throwing.B.castle.C.rank.D.level.(2).Which of the following is a reason why fire ants are considered pests?（
18、分数：2.00）A.They may cause possible mechanical breakdowns to mowing equipment.B.A person has a 60% chance to be stung by fire ants every year.C.1% of the fire ants will cause allergic reactions to the people stung.D.They will disrupt the food chain by killing off other ants and larger animals.(3).That
19、 fire ants prey on bollworms and budworms is mentioned to show that（分数：2.00）A.pests often attack each other to maintain a balance of nature.B.fire ants are not always harmful pests in given situations.C.fire ants are stronger and fiercer than bollworms and budworms.D.pests are either harmful or bene
20、ficial to people or plants.(4).Whether fire ants are pests or not largely depends on their（分数：2.00）A.predatory activities.B.temporal distribution.C.spreading speed.D.geographical distribution.(5).The author s tone in talking about fire ants in the US seems to be（分数：2.00）A.critical.B.indifferent.C.fe
21、arful.D.objective.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)If you smoke, youd better hurry. From July 1st pubs all over England will, by law, be no-smoking areas. So will restaurants, offices and even company cars, if more than one per-son uses them. Englands smokers are following a well-trodden path. The other thre
22、e bits of the United Kingdom have already banned smoking in almost all enclosed public spaces, and there are anti-smoking laws of varying strictness over most of Western Europe. The smoker s journey from glamour through toleration to suspicion is finally reaching its end in pariah status.But behind
23、this public-health success story lies a darker tale. Poorer people are much more likely to smoke than richer onesa change from the 1950s, when professionals and la-borers were equally keen. Today only 15% of men in the highest professional classes smoke, but 42% of unskilled workers do. Despite puni
24、tive taxation20 cigarettes cost around 5.00 ($10.00), three-quarters of which is tax55% of single mothers on benefits smoke. The figure for homeless men is even higher; for hard-drug users it is practically 100% . The message that smoking kills has been heard, it seems, but not by all.Having defeate
25、d the big killers of the pastwant, exposure, poor sanitationgovernments all over the developed world are turning their attention to diseases that stem mostly from how individuals choose to live their lives. But the same deafness afflicts the same people when they are strongly encouraged to give up o
26、ther sorts of unhealthy behavior. The lower down they are on practically any pecking orderjob prestige, income, education, background-the more likely people are to be fat and unfit, and to drink too much.That tempts governments to shout ever louder in an attempt to get the public to listen and nowhe
27、re do they do so more aggressively than in Britain. One reason is that pecking orders matter more than in most other rich countries: income distribution is very unequal and the unemployed, disaffected, ill-educated rump is comparatively large. Another reason is the frustration of a government addict
28、ed to targets, which often aim not only to improve some-thing but to lessen inequality in the process. A third is that the National Health Service is free to patients, and paying for those who have arguably brought their ill-health on themselves grows alarmingly costly.Britain s aggressiveness, howe
29、ver, may be pointless, even counter-productive. There is no reason to believe that those who ignore measured voices will listen to shouting. It irritates the majority who are already behaving responsibly, and it may also undermine all government pronouncements on health by convincing people that the
30、y have an ultra-cautious margin of error built in.Such hectoring may also be missing the root cause of the problem. According to Mr. Marmot, who cites research on groups as diverse as baboons in captivity, British civil servants and Oscar nominees, the higher rates of ill health among those in more
31、modest walks of life can be attributed to what he calls the “status syndrome“. People in privileged positions think they are worth the effort of behaving healthily, and find the will-power to do so. The implication is that it is easier to improve a persons health by weakening the connection between
32、social position and health than by targeting behavior directly. Some public-health experts speak of social cohesion, support for families and better education for all. These are bigger undertakings than a bossy campaign; but more effective, and quieter.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “pariah“ (line 5, paragr
33、aph 1) is closest in meaning to（分数：2.00）A.prohibition.B.strictness.C.pardon.D.punishment.(2).The author seems to be suspicious of the public-health success because（分数：2.00）A.the message that smoking kills isnt voiced loudly enough.B.unskilled workers are more willing to pay for the heavy tax in ciga
34、rettes.C.single mothers are more likely to use their benefits to buy cigarettes.D.the positive effects are yielded mostly on the richer population.(3).According to the text, why does the same deafness afflict the same people?（分数：2.00）A.Because governments all turned their attention to these people.B
35、.Because these people are more likely to have unhealthy behaviors.C.Because these people suffer more from their poor income and education.D.Because governments always neglect the real needs of these people.(4).Which of the following is NOT a reason for Britains aggressiveness in the public-health ca
36、mpaign?（分数：2.00）A.The government is frustrated in curing smoking-related diseases.B.The government is keen on eliminating social unfairness.C.The free health service proves very expensive.D.The gap between the rich and the poor is very big.(5).The author seems to believe that status syndrome may be
37、cured（分数：2.00）A.if the measures can actually weaken the relationship between social position and health.B.if the government shouts louder in their campaign against diseases resulting from unhealthy habits.C.if the government helps people find a stronger will power to give up their unhealthy habits.D
38、.if the government undertakes bigger and more effective ad campaigns against poor education.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A very important world problem, if not the most serious of all the great world problems which affect us at the moment, is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this plan
39、et. The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate.In an early survey conducted in 1888, a billion and a half people inhabited the earth. Now, the population exceeds five billion and is growing fastby the s
40、taggering figure of 90 million in 1988 alone. This means that the world must accommodate a new population roughly equal to that of the United States and Canada every three years! Even though the rate of growth has begun to slow down, most experts believe the population size will still pass eight bil
41、lion during the next 50 years.So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as “Death Control“. You have no doubt heard of the term “Birth Control“ Death Control“ is something rather different. It recog
42、nizes the work of the doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who, not very long ago, would have died of a variety of then incurable diseases. Through a wide variety of technological innovations that include farming methods and sanitation, as well as the control of these deadly diseases, we
43、 have found ways to reduce the rate at which we diecreating a population explosion. We used to think that reaching seventy years old was a remarkable achievement, but now eighty or even ninety is becoming recognized as the normal life-span for humans. In a sense, this represents a tremendous achieve
44、ment for our species. Biologically this is the very definition of success and we have undoubtedly become the dominant animal on the planet. However, this success is the very cause of the greatest threat to mankind.Man is constantly destroying the very resources which keep him alive. He is destroying
45、 the balance of nature which regulates climate and the atmosphere, produces and maintains healthy soils, provides food from the seas, etc. In short, by only considering our needs of today we are ensuring there will be no tomorrow.An understanding of mans effect on the balance of nature is crucial to
46、 be able to find the appropriate remedial action. It is a very common belief that the problems of the population explosion are caused mainly by poor people living in poor countries who do not know enough to limit their reproduction. This is not true. The actual number of people in an area is not as
47、important as the effect they have on nature. Developing countries do have an effect on their environment, but it is the populations of richer countries that have a far greater impact on the earth as a whole.The birth of a baby in, for example, Japan, imposes more than a hundred times the amount of s
48、tress on the worlds resources as a baby in India. Most people in India do not grow up to own cars or air-conditionersnor do they eat the huge amount of meat and fish that the Japanese child does. Their life-styles do not require vast quantities of minerals and energy. Also, they are aware of the req
49、uirements of the land around them and try to put something back into nature to replace what they take out.For example, tropical forests are known to be essential to the balance of nature yet we are destroying them at an incredible rate. They are being cleared not to benefit the natives of that country, but to satisfy the needs of richer countries. Central American forests are being destroyed for pastureland to make pet food in the United States cheaper; in Papua New Guinea, forests are destroyed to supply cheaper cardboard packaging for Japanese electronic pro
