1、考研英语-811 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Most people would be (1) by the high quality of medicine (2) to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of (3) to the individual, a (4) amount of advanced technical equipment, and (5) effort not to make mi
2、stakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must (6) in the courts if they (7) things badly.But the Americans are in a mess. The problem is the way in (8) health care is organized and (9) . (10) to pubic belief it is not just a free competition system. The private system has bee
3、n joined a large public system, because private care was simply not (11) the less fortunate and the elderly.But even with this huge public part of the system, (12) this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollarsmore than 10 percent of the U. S. Budgetlarge number of Americans are left (13) . These includ
4、e about half the 11 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits (14) income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can.The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control (15) the health system. There is no (16) to what doctors and hospitals charge for
5、their services, other than what the public is able to pay. The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate persons concerned can do is (17) up. Two thirds of the population (18) covered by medical insurance. D
6、octors charge as much as they want (19) that the insurance company will pay the bill.The rising cost of medicine in the U. S. A. is among the most worrying problems facing the country. In 1981 the countrys health bill climbed 15.9 percent-about twice as fast as prices (20) general.（分数：10.00）A.compre
7、ssedB.impressedC.obsessedD.repressedA.availableB.attainableC.achievableD.amenableA.extensionB.retentionC.attentionD.exertionA.countlessB.titanicC.broadD.vastA.intensiveB.absorbedC.intenseD.concentratedA.run intoB.encounterC.faceD.defyA.treatB.dealC.maneuverD.handleA.whichB.thatC.whatD.whenA.to finan
8、ceB.financedC.the financeD.to be financedA.ContraryB.Opposed toC.AverseD.ObjectedA.looking forB.looking intoC.looking afterD.looking overA.whichB.whatC.thatD.itA.overB.outC.offD.awayA.forB.inC.withD.onA.overB.onC.underD.behindA.boundaryB.restrictionC.confinementD.limitA.to payB.payingC.payD.to have
9、paidA.is beingB.areC.have beenD.isA.knowingB.to knowC.they knowD.knownA.inB.withC.onD.for二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The history of English is conventionally, if perhaps too neatly, divided into three periods usually called old (or Anglo-Saxon) E
10、nglish, Middle English, and Modern English. The earliest period begins with the migration of certain Germanic tribes from the continent to Britain in the fifth century A. D, though no records of their language survive from before the seventh century, and it continues until the end of the seventh cen
11、tury or a bit later. By that time, Latin, Old Norse (the language of the Viking invaders), and especially the Anglo-Norman French of the dominant class after the Norman Conquest in 1066 had begun to have a substantial impact on the vocabulary, and the well-developed inflectional system that typifies
12、 the grammar of Old English had begun to break down.The period of Middle English extends roughly form the twelfth century through the fifteenth. The influence of French (and Latin, often by way of French) upon the vocabulary continued throughout the period, the loss of some inflections and the reduc
13、tion of others accelerated, and many changes took place within the grammatical systems of the language. A typical prose passage, specially one from the later part of the period, will not have such a foreign look to us as the prose of Old English, but it will not be mistaken for contemporary writing
14、either.The period of Modern English extends from the sixteenth century to our own day. The early part of this period saw the completion of a revolution in vowel distribution that had begun in late Middle English and that effectively brought the language to something resembling its present pattern. O
15、ther important early developments include the stabilizing effect on spelling of the printing press and the beginning of the direct influence of Latin, and to a lesser extent, Greek on the vocabulary. Later, as English came into contact with other cultures around the world and distinctive dialects of
16、 English developed in the many areas which Britain had colonized, numerous other languages made small but interesting contributions to our word-stock.（分数：10.00）(1).The earliest written record of English available to us started_.（分数：2.00）A.from the seventh centuryB.from the fifth centuryC.from the tw
17、elfth centuryD.from the ninth century(2).What is the main feature of the grammar of Old English?（分数：2.00）A.The influence of Latin.B.A revolution in vowel distribution.C.A well-developed inflectional system.D.Loss of some inflections.(3).What can be inferred from the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Even an educat
18、ed person can not read old English without special training.B.A person who knows French well can understand old English.C.An educated person can understand old English but can not pronounce it.D.A person can pronounce old English words but cant understand them.(4).Which of the following is NOT menti
19、oned?（分数：2.00）A.French.B.Latin.C.Greek.D.German.(5).What is the most remarkable characteristic of Modern English?（分数：2.00）A.Numerous additions to its vocabulary.B.Completion of a revolution in vowel distribution.C.Gradual changes in its grammatical system.D.The direct influence of Latin.五、Text 2(总题数
20、：1，分数：10.00)Whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness or among the causes of unhappiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful question. There is certainly much work which is exceedingly weary and an excess of work is always very painful. I think, however, that, provided work is no
21、t excessive in amount, even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness. There are in work all grades, from mere relief of tedium up to the profoundest delights, according to the nature of the work and the abilities of the worker. Most of the work that most people have to do is not
22、 in itself interesting, but even such work has certain great advantages. To begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people, when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything
23、sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. And whatever they decide, they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have been pleasanter. To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization, and at present very few people have reached this level. Moreover the exerc
24、ise of choice is in itself tiresome. Except to people with unusual initiative it is positively agreeable to be told what to do at each hour of the day, provided the orders are not too unpleasant. Most of the idle rich suffer unspeakable boredom as the price of their freedom from toil. At times they
25、may find relief by hunting big game in Africa, or by flying round the world, but the number of such sensations is limited, especially after youth is past, Accordingly the more intelligent rich men work nearly as hard as if they were poor, while rich women for the most part keep themselves busy with
26、innumerable trifles of those earth-shaking importance they are firmly persuaded.Work therefore is desirable, first and foremost, as a preventive of boredom, for the boredom that a man feels when he is doing necessary though uninteresting work is as nothing in comparison with the boredom that he feel
27、s when he has nothing to do with his days. With this advantage of work another is associated, namely that it makes holidays much more delicious when they come. Provided a man does not have to work so hard as to impair his vigor, he is likely to find far more zest in his free time than an idle man co
28、uld possibly find.The second advantage of most paid work and of some unpaid work is that it gives chances of success and opportunities for ambition. In most work success is measured by income, and while our capitalistic society continues, this is inevitable. It is only where the best work is concern
29、ed that this measure ceases to be the natural one to apply. The desire than men feel to increase their income is quite as much a desire for success as for the extra comforts that a higher income can acquire. However dull work may be, it becomes bearable if it is a means of building up a reputation,
30、whether in the world at large or only in ones own circle.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the authors opinion about work?（分数：2.00）A.Work can keep people busy as if they were poor.B.Work is a cause of the greatest delight of life.C.Work is very tiresome, especially when too excessive.D.Work can at least give re
31、lief from boredom.(2).In the authors opinion, what is the last product of civilization?（分数：2.00）A.To make wise use of leisure.B.To be free from hard work.C.To keep oneself busy with trifles.D.To work to some extent.(3).According to the passage, to be told to do something is generally_.（分数：2.00）A.res
32、pectableB.acceptableC.insultingD.disgusting(4).According to the passage, success can mostly be measured in terms of_.（分数：2.00）A.relationshipB.enjoymentC.incomeD.promotion(5).As put by the author, most of the work that most people have to do is_.（分数：2.00）A.delightful but time consumingB.exceedingly d
33、ull and always painfulC.not worth doing and bearable at allD.not interesting but very rewarding六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Ask any employee at an level in any company what they dislike about their job and somewhere on the list you will find a complaint about the system of performance appraisals. It does
34、 seem strange that an idea which was supposed to benefit both individuals and the company should be so universally disliked, but the staff appraisal is now one of the biggest causes of dissatisfaction at work. In the United States there have even been cases of unhappy workers taking their employers
35、to court over appraisal interviews. It is in a companys interest to combat this situation, but, before reversing the appraisals negative associations, an organization needs to pinpoint the underlying reasons which have contributed to them.Problems with appraisals can fall into two main areas-those a
36、rising from the scheme itself and those arising from the implementation and understanding of that scheme. Naturally it is easier to tackle those in the former category; indeed, some companies have developed schemes following legal guidelines. These guidelines suggest that a successful scheme should
37、have a clear appeal process, that any negative feedback should be accompanied by “evidence“ such as dates, times and outcomes and that, most importantly, ratings should reflect specific measurable elements of the job requirements.It is not always necessary to resort to legal advice however. Some cha
38、nges to current schemes are simply a matter of logic. For instance, if employees are constantly encouraged to work in teams and to assume joint responsibility for their successes and failures, it makes little sense for the appraisals to focus on individuals, as this may lead to resentments and creat
39、e divisions within the group. It is possible, and in some cases more suitable, to arrange appraisals where performance is rated for the group.Staff also need to be educated about the best way to approach appraisals. Managers often find that they are uncomfortable being asked to take on a more suppor
40、tive role than they are used to without having had any training. Those being appraised may see it as a chance to air their grievances and highlight the companys failings rather than consider their own role. Both parties view the process as a necessary evil, to be gone through once or twice a year, a
41、nd then forgotten about. The importance given to the appraisal stems from the fact that, despite all the talk of the interview being a chance for management and employees to come together and exchange ideas, set joint targets and improve the way decisions are reached, the reality is that they are of
42、ten nothing more than the pretext on which pay rises are given, or not given. Pay is, of course, a subject that always leads to problems.Given the problems associated with staff appraisals, why is it that, with no legal requirement, companies continue to run them? The answer is simple, it is impossi
43、ble to manage something you know nothing about. As any Human Resources manager can tell you, the best way to learn about someone is to talk to them. Effective people management relies on knowledge and appraisals are still the best way to build up that bank of knowledge.（分数：10.00）(1).Why are there so
44、 many problems with appraisals?（分数：2.00）A.People think that there are too many categories.B.People are not sure how the system works.C.People think that the feedback is too negative.D.People are not happy with the legal aspects.(2).Individual appraisals are not always very effective because_.（分数：2.0
45、0）A.teams much prefer to be awarded a group ratingB.everybody works in teams these daysC.team members share liability for resultsD.team leaders sense resentment between members(3).What do senior staff find difficult about doing appraisals?（分数：2.00）A.Relating to their staff in a different manner than
46、 usual.B.Having to listen to staff complaining about the company.C.Managing to find time to attend proper training sessions.D.Knowing the best way to educate staff about their role.(4).In an ideal world an appraisal is an opportunity to_.（分数：2.00）A.improve your salaryB.moan about the bossC.discuss a
47、nd agree goalsD.meet every six months(5).How are personal appraisals important for companies?（分数：2.00）A.They help HR managers to talk to staff.B.They provide the best way to build new targets.C.They help the company meet legal requirements.D.They provide valuable information to the employer.七、Text 4
48、(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The mid-sixties saw the start of a project that, along with other similar research, was to teach us a great deal about the chimpanzee mind. This was Project Washoe, conceived by Trixie and Allen Gardner. They purchased an infant chimpanzee and began to teach her the signs of ASL, the
49、 American Sign Language used by the deaf. Twenty years earlier another husband and wife team, Richard and Cathy Hayes, had tried, with an almost total lack of success, to teach a young chimp, Vikki, to talk. The Hayes*s undertaking taught us a lot about the chimpanzee mind, but Vikki, although she did well in IQ tests, and was clearly an intelligent youngster, could not learn human speech. The Gardners, however, achieved spectacular success with their pupil, Washoe. Not only did she learn signs easily, but she quickly began to string them together
