1、考研英语-842 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When lab rats sleep, their brains revisit the maze they navigated during the day, according to a new study (1) yesterday, offering some of the strongest evidence (2) that animals do indeed dream. Experiments with sleeping rats f
2、ound that cells in the animals brains fire in a distinctive pattern (3) the pattern that occurs when they are (4) and trying to learn their way around a maze.Based on the results, the researchers concluded the rats were dreaming about the maze, (5) reviewing what they had learned while awake to (6)
3、the memories.Researchers have long known that animals go (7) the same types of sleep phases that people do, including rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, which is when people dream. But (8) the occasional twitching, growling or barking that any dog owner has (9) in his or her sleeping pet, theres been (
4、10) direct evidence that animals (11) . If animals dream, it suggests they might have more (12) mental functions than had been (13) .“We have as humans felt that this (14) of memoryour ability to recall sequences of experienceswas something that was (15) human,“ Wilson said. “The fact that we see th
5、is in rodents (16) suggest they can evaluate their experience in a significant way. Animals may be (17) about more than we had previously considered.“The findings also provide new support for a leading theory for (18) humans sleepto solidify new learning. “People are now really nailing down the fact
6、 that the brain during sleep is (19) its activity at least for the time immediately before sleep and almost undoubtedly using that review to (20) or integrate those memories into more usable forms,“ said an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.（分数：10.00）A.relatedB.retainedC.re
7、leasedD.relievedA.as yetB.stillC.howeverD.by thenA.intersectingB.parallelingC.resemblingD.differingA.sleepingB.dreamingC.awakeD.awareA.in circlesB.in accordC.in caseD.in essenceA.eraseB.consolidateC.disciplineD.improveA.forB.byC.throughD.inA.instead ofB.as well asC.apart fromD.except forA.guaranteed
8、B.encounteredC.confirmedD.witnessedA.littleB.someC.muchD.enoughA.cryB.memorizeC.dreamD.sleepA.complexB.confusedC.vigorousD.instantaneousA.validatedB.recognizedC.calculatedD.evaluatedA.remainderB.acquisitionC.propertyD.accuracyA.mainlyB.uniquelyC.approximatelyD.respectivelyA.didB.doesC.wouldD.willA.d
9、isplayingB.thinkingC.performingD.behavingA.whyB.whenC.howD.whereA.reviewingB.analyzingC.decodingD.stressingA.consolidateB.transformC.reorganizeD.renovate二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Car makers have long used sex to sell their products. Recently, h
10、owever, both BMW and Renault have based their latest European marketing campaigns around the icon of modern biology.BMWs campaign, which launches its new 3-series sports saloon in Britain and Ireland, shows the new creation and four of its earlier versions zigzagging around a landscape made up of gi
11、ant DNA sequences, with a brief explanation that DNA is the molecule responsible for the inheritance of such features as strength, power and intelligence. The Renault offering, which promotes its existing Laguna model, employs evolutionary theory even more explicitly. The companys television commerc
12、ials intersperse clips of the car with scenes from a lecture by Steve Jones, a professor of genetics at University of London.BMWs campaign is intended to convey the idea of development allied to heritage. The latest product, in other words, should be viewed as the new and improved scion of a long li
13、ne of good cars. Renaults message is more subtle. It is that evolution works by gradual improvements rather than sudden leaps (in this, Renault is aligning itself with biological orthodoxy). So, although the new car in the advertisement may look like the old one, the external form conceals a number
14、of significant changes to the engine. While these alterations are almost invisible to the average driver, Renault hopes they will improve the cars performance, and ultimately its survival in the marketplace.Whether they actually do so will depend, in part, on whether marketers have read the public m
15、ood correctly. For, even if genetics really does offer a useful metaphor for automobiles, employing it in advertising is not without its dangers. That is because DNAs public image is ambiguous. In one context, people may see it as the cornerstone of modern medical progress. In another, it will bring
16、 to mind such controversial issues as abortion, genetically modified foodstuffs, and the sinister subject of eugenics.Car makers are probably standing on safer ground than biologists. But even they call make mistakes. Though it would not be obvious to the casual observer, some of the DNA which featu
17、res in BMWs ads for its nice, new car once belonged to a woolly mammotha beast that has been extinct for 10,000 years. Not, presumably, quite the message that the marketing department was trying to convey.（分数：10.00）(1).The campaign staged by both BMW and Renault are to market（分数：2.00）A.cars based on
18、 the old ones.B.cars modeled on DNA technology.C.cars produced with most advanced technology.D.cars face-lifted only but little genuinely changed.(2).The difference between BMWs and Renaults campaign is that（分数：2.00）A.BMWs emphasizes technological revolution more explicitly.B.Renaults proves to be m
19、ore successful.C.Renaults provides more delicate messages than BMWs.D.BMWs employs the metaphor of DNA while Renaults doesnt.(3).It can be inferred that biological orthodoxy favors（分数：2.00）A.no change.B.step-by-step change.C.all-of-a-sudden change.D.radical change.(4).According to the author, the su
20、ccess of the campaigns may depend on（分数：2.00）A.perceived product quality.B.public perceptions of DNA.C.efforts made by the organizers.D.explicitness in explaining DNA to buyers.(5).The author thinks that unfortunately BMWs campaign has conveyed the idea of（分数：2.00）A.poverty,B.extinction.C.revolution
21、.D.evolution.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)We know today that the traditions of tribal art are more complex and less “primitive“ than its discoverers believed; we have even seen that the imitation of nature is by no means excluded from its aims. But the style of these ritualistic objects could still serve
22、 as a common focus for that search for expressiveness, structure, and simplicity that the new movements had inherited from the experiments of the three lonely rebels: Van Gogh, Cezanne, and Gauguin.The experiments of Expressionism are, perhaps, the easiest to explain in words. The term itself may no
23、t be happily chosen, for we know that we are all expressing ourselves in everything we do or leave undone, but the word became a convenient label because of its easily remembered contrast to Impressionism, and as a label it is quite useful. In one of his letters, Van Gogh had explained how he set ab
24、out painting the portrait of a friend who was very dear to him, The conventional likeness was only the first stage. Having painted a “correct“ portrait, he proceeded to change the colors and the setting.Van Gogh was right in saying that the method he had chosen could be compared to that of the carto
25、onist. Cartoon had always been “expressionist“, for the cartoonist plays with the likeness of his victim, and distorts it to express just what he feels about his fellow man. As long as these distortions of nature sailed under the flag of humor nobody seemed to find them difficult to understand. Humo
26、rous art was a field in which everything was permitted, because people did not approach it with prejudices. Yet there is nothing inconsistent about it. It is true that our feelings about things do color the way in which we see them and, even more, the forms which we remember. Everyone must have expe
27、rienced how different the same place may look when we are happy and when we are sad.What upset the public about the Expressionist art was, perhaps, not so much the fact that nature had been distorted as that the result led away from beauty. For the Expressionists felt so strongly about human sufferi
28、ng, poverty, violence and passion, that they were inclined to think that the insistence on harmony and beauty were only born out of a refusal to be honest. The art of the classical masters, of a Raphael or Correggio, seemed to them insincere and hypocritical. They wanted to face the bare facts of ou
29、r existence, and to express their compassion fur the disinherited and the ugly.（分数：10.00）(1).Expressionism is a(n)（分数：2.00）A.artistic style expressing the artists inner experiences objectively.B.marked trend characteristic of insisting on harmony and beauty.C.new movement based on expressive style.D
30、.fundamental revolution in arts.(2).The Van Goghs letter (Para. 2) was mentioned to（分数：2.00）A.afford evidence of the origin of Expressionism.B.solve the mystery of Van Goghs drawings.C.show the difference between Van Gogh and a cartoonist.D.exhibit the unique feature of the Expressionists art.(3).Wh
31、ich one of the following is the Expressionist position concerning harmony and beauty in art?（分数：2.00）A.It emerged from conformity and fear of change.B.It is a misconception of social life.C.It originated from untruthfulness.D.It is essential that no such thing as true beauty exists.(4).In the author
32、s opinion, the art of Raphael and Correggio（分数：2.00）A.makes the public suspect their true motives.B.displayed too much of the dark side of the human society.C.was characteristic of an insistence on harmony and beauty.D.reflected the objective world insincerely.(5).It can be inferred from the passage
33、 that the Expressionists were（分数：2.00）A.lonely people frequently feeling unhappy at being alone.B.motivated by a desire to change for the sake of changing.C.not immediately acknowledged by the masses.D.appreciative of the effect of cartoons on their work.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Research is commonly
34、divided into “applied“ and “pure“. This classification is arbitrary and loose, but what is usually meant is that applied research is a deliberate investigation of a problem of practical importance, in contradistinction to pure research done to gain knowledge for its own sake. The pure scientist may
35、be said to accept as an act of faith that any scientific knowledge is worth pursuing for its own sake, and, if pressed, he usually claims that in most instances it is eventually found to be useful. Most of the greatest discoveries, such as the discovery of electricity, X-rays, radium and atomic ener
36、gy, originated from pure research, which allows the worker to follow unexpected, interesting clues without the intention of achieving results of practical value. In applied research it is the project which is given support, whereas in pure research it is the man. However, often the distinction betwe
37、en pure and applied research is a superficial one as it may merely depend on whether or not the subject investigated is one of practical importance, For example, the investigation of the life cycle of a protozoon in a pond is pure research, but if the protozoon studied is a parasite of man or domest
38、ic animal the research would be termed applied. A more fundamental differentiation, which corresponds only very roughly with the applied and pure classification is (a) that in which the objective is given and the means of obtaining it are sought, and (b) that in which the discovery is first made and
39、 then a use for it is sought.There exists in some circles a certain amount of intellectual snobbery and tendency to look contemptuously, on applied investigation. This attitude is based on the following two false ideas: that new knowledge is only discovered by pure research while applied research me
40、rely seeks to apply knowledge already available, and that pure research is a higher intellectual activity because it requires greater scientific ability and is more difficult. Both these ideas are quite wrong. Important new knowledge has frequently arisen from applied investigation; for instance, th
41、e science of bacteriology originated largely from Pasteurs investigations of practical problem in the beer, wine and silkworm industries. Usually it is more difficult to get results in applied research than in pure research, because the worker has to stick to and solve a given problem instead of fol
42、lowing any promising clue that may turn up. Also in applied research most fields have already been well worked over and many of the easy and obvious things have been done. Applied research should not be confused with the routine practice of some branch of science where only the application of existi
43、ng knowledge is attempted. There is need for both pure and applied research for they tend to be complementary.（分数：10.00）(1).It is generally believed that in applied investigation（分数：2.00）A.research workers follow unexpected, interesting clues.B.scientists make a discovery first, and then try to use
44、it.C.it is the man rather than the project who is given support.D.results of practical value are to be achieved.(2).According to the author,（分数：2.00）A.the investigation of the life cycle of a protozoon is pure research.B.applied investigation is looked down upon in modern society.C.the discovery of
45、X-rays was made in applied research.D.the common classification of research is neither accurate nor impersonal.(3).Some people look down on applied research because they think that（分数：2.00）A.it is a kind of prearranged investigation.B.no new knowledge can arise from applied research.C.it is more dif
46、ficult to get results in applied research.D.no specific scientific ability is needed in applied research.(4).It can be inferred from the text that（分数：2.00）A.certain areas in pure research are not fully explored.B.applied investigation requires greater scientific ability.C.applied research is inferio
47、r to pure research.D.knowledge is useless unless it is put into practice.(5).Which of the following most accurately describe the pattern of the text?（分数：2.00）A.The author first refutes the classification of research and then criticizes the intellectual snobbery and tendency to look down on the one o
48、f the two.B.The author first refutes the classification of research into the pure and the applied and then presents his own classification.C.The author first refutes the classification of research and then points out that the classification results from two false ideas.D.The author first points out
49、the practical importance of applied research and then criticizes those who look down on applied research.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)We assumed ethics needed the seal of certainty, else it was non-rational. And certainty was to be produced by a deductive model: the correct actions were derivable from classical first principles or a hierarchical ranked pantheon of principles. This model, though, is bankrupt.I suggest we think of ethics as analogous to language usage. There are no univocal rules of grammar and style which uniquely determine the best sentence for a pa
