1、考研英语-844 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)As one works with color in a practical, or experimental way, one is impressed by two apparently unrelated facts. Color as seen is a mobile, changeable thing (1) to a large extent on the relationship of the color (2) other colors
2、 (3) simultaneously. It is not (4) in its relation to the direct stimulus which (5) it. On the other hand, the properties of surfaces that give (6) to color do not seem to change greatly under a wide variety of illumination color, usually (but not always) looking much the same in artificial light as
3、 in daylight. Both of these effects seem to be (7) in large part to the mechanism of color (8) .When the eye is (9) to a colored area, there is an immediate readjustment of the (10) of the eye to color in and around the area (11) . This readjustment does not promptly affect the color seen but usuall
4、y does affect the next area to which the (12) is shifted. The longer the time of viewing, the higher the (13) , and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be (14) its persistence in the (15) viewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Schouten, it appears that, at (16) for a
5、first approximation, full adaptation takes place over (17) time if the adapting source is moderately bright and the eye has been in (18) darkness just previously. Also, (19) of the persistence of the effect if the eye is shifted around from one object to another, all of which are at similar brightne
6、ss or have similar colors, the adaptation will tend to become (20) over the whole eye.（分数：10.00）A.liableB.focusingC.typicalD.dependingA.withB.betweenC.toD.uponA.pursuedB.perceivedC.realizedD.conceivedA.fixedB.firmC.boundD.openA.createsB.summonsC.triggersD.introducesA.playB.wayC.riseD.birthA.relatedB
7、.dueC.devotedD.closeA.assimilationB.admissionC.regulationD.adaptationA.drawnB.leftC.exposedD.subjectedA.sensitivityB.curiosityC.decorationD.impressionA.noticedB.alarmedC.neglectedD.toleratedA.cheerB.senseC.gazeD.thoughtA.publicityB.necessityC.densityD.intensityA.by means ofB.in terms ofC.with regard
8、 toD.in line withA.transparentB.succeedingC.simultaneousD.proceedingA.mostB.worstC.leastD.bestA.briefB.completeC.lightD.narrowA.efficientB.parallelC.relativeD.respectiveA.regardlessB.despiteC.exclusiveD.becauseA.equivalentB.uniformC.contrastiveD.complementary二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part
9、 A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)What our society suffers from most today is the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be; such consensus cannot be gained from societys present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too
10、diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homers epics informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were
11、 to live their lives and organize their societies.Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety o
12、f nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic personality has become characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into
13、 private worlds. In this study of narcissism, Christopher Lash says that modern man, “tortured by self-consciousness, turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for“. There is widespread distress because natio
14、nal morale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose.Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found in totalitarian societies, our culture is one of the great individual differences, at least in principle and in theory; but this leads to disunity,
15、 even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity, but just because ours is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a myth-a v
16、ision about a common experience, a conquest that made us Americans, as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idea.
17、 Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie. that binds the individual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolations, guilt, anxiety, and purposelessness-in short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values.（分数：10.00）(1).This text is
18、mainly intended to（分数：2.00）A.explore certain ways of making for a consensus.B.spotlight the role of myths in binding a community.C.interpret the meaning and purpose of modern life.D.reverse the decline of social standards and values.(2).From the text we learn that Christopher Lash is most probably（分
19、数：2.00）A.a reform advocate.B.a social psychologist.C.a reputed poet.D.a historical specialist.(3).Americans may find themselves in a society characterized by（分数：2.00）A.extreme stress.B.worry and suffering.C.shared beliefs.D.void and isolation.(4).Homers epics is mentioned in Paragraph 1 in order to（
20、分数：2.00）A.exemplify the contributions made by ancient poets.B.show an ideal concept of what life ought to be.C.illustrate the role of shared myths in society.D.make known myths of what a society ought to be.(5).The author concludes that only shared myths can help Americans（分数：2.00）A.to bring about t
21、he uniformity of their culture.B.to regain their consensus about a common experience.C.to perceive the effects of consensus about society.D.to stay away from negative feelings in their life.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the next century well be able to alter our DNA radically, encoding our visions and
22、vanities while concocting new life-forms. When Dr. Frankenstein made his monster, he wrestled with the moral issue of whether he should allow it to reproduce, “Had I the right, for my own benefit, to inflict the curse upon everlasting generations?“ Will such questions require us to develop new moral
23、 philosophies?Probably not. Instead, well reach again for a time-tested moral concept, one sometimes called the Golden Rule and which Kant, the millenniums most prudent moralist, conjured up into a categorical imperative: Do unto others as you would have them do unto you; treat each person as an ind
24、ividual rather than as a means to some end.Under this moral precept we should recoil at human cloning, because it inevitably entails using humans as means to other humans ends and valuing them as copies of others we loved or as collections of body parts, not as individuals in their own right. We sho
25、uld also draw a line, however fuzzy, that would permit using genetic engineering to cure diseases and disabilities but not to change the personal attributes that make someone an individual (IQ, physical appearance, gender and sexuality).The biotech age will also give us more reason to guard our pers
26、onal privacy. Aldous Huxley in Brave New World, got it wrong: rather than centralizing power in the hands of the state, DNA technology has empowered individuals and families. But the state will have an important role, making sure that no one, including insurance companies, can look at our genetic da
27、ta without our permission or use it to discriminate against us.Then we can get ready for the breakthroughs that could come at the end of the next century and the technology is comparable to mapping our genes: plotting the 10 billion or more neurons of our brain. With that information we might someda
28、y be able to create artificial intelligences that think and experience consciousness in ways that are indistinguishable from a human brain. Eventually we might be able to replicate our own minds in a “dry-ware“ machine, so that we could live on without the “wet-ware“ of a biological brain and body.
29、The 20th centurys revolution in infotechnology will thereby merge with the 21st centurys revolution in biotechnology. But this is science fiction. Lets turn the page now and get back to real science.（分数：10.00）(1).Dr. Frankensteins remarks are mentioned in the text（分数：2.00）A.to give an episode of the
30、 DNA technological breakthroughs.B.to highlight the inevitability of a means to some evil ends.C.to show how he created a new form of life a thousand years ago.D.to introduce the topic of moral philosophies concerning biotechnology.(2).It can be concluded from the text that the technology of human c
31、loning should be employed（分数：2.00）A.excessively and extravagantly.B.sensibly and cautiously.C.aggressively and indiscriminately.D.openly and enthusiastically.(3).From the text, we learn that Aldous Huxley is of the opinion that（分数：2.00）A.the power of biotechnology is to be decentralized.B.no one is
32、entitled to discriminate against others.C.biotechnology is nothing more than gene-mapping.D.artificial intelligence compete with a human brain.(4).According to the last paragraph, “dry-ware“ is to “wet-ware“ as（分数：2.00）A.“collective“ to “individual“.B.“fictional“ to “factual“.C.“mechanical“ to “biol
33、ogical“.D.“illegal“ to “immoral“.(5).Judged from the information in the last paragraph, we can predict that the author is likely to write which of the following in the next section?（分数：2.00）A.The reflection upon biotechnological morality.B.The offensive invasion of our personal privacy.C.The inevita
34、ble change of IQs for our descendants.D.The present state of biotechnological research.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, succ
35、ess is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the
36、entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patients body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak o
37、r dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his bodys immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the diseases defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patients immune system in a process tha
38、t occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, howeve
39、r. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patients death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly w
40、iped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Va
41、ccine today, 3000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a reintroduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexp
42、ected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a mixed blessing, may indeed hide some hidden curses.（分数：10.00）(1).The best title for the text may be（分数：2.00）A.“Vaccinations: A Blessing or A Curse.“B.“Principles of Vaccinations.“C.“Vaccines: Methods and Implications.“D.“A Miracle Cure Und
43、er Attack.“(2).What does the example of the Smallpox Vaccine illustrate?（分数：2.00）A.A possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.B.The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.C.A method by which vaccines are employed against the disease.D.The effectiveness of vaccines in cu
44、ring certain disease.(3).The phrase “ward it off naturally“ (Paragraph 2) most probably means（分数：2.00）A.dispose of it naturally.B.combat against it readily.C.attend to it reluctantly.D.split it up properly.(4).Which of the following is true according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.Saving the majority would
45、necessarily justify the death of the minority.B.The immune system can be trained to fight weaker versions of a disease.C.Mandatory vaccinations are indispensable to the survival of the populace.D.The process of vaccination remains a mystery to be further resolved.(5).The purpose of the author in wri
46、ting this passage is（分数：2.00）A.to comment and criticize.B.to demonstrate and argue.C.to interest and entertain.D.to explain and inform.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Euthanasia is clearly a deliberate and intentional aspect of a killing. Taking a human life, even with subtle rites and consent of the party
47、involved is barbaric. No one can justly kill another human being. Just as it is wrong for a serial killer to murder, it is wrong for a physician to do so as well, no matter what the motive for doing so may be.Many thinkers, including almost all orthodox Catholics, believe that euthanasia is immoral.
48、 They oppose killing patients in any circumstances whatever. However, they think it is all right, in some special circumstances, to allow patients to die by withholding treatment. The American Medical Associations policy statement on mercy killing supports this traditional view. In my paper “Active
49、and Passive Euthanasia“ I argue, against the traditional view, that there is in fact no normal difference between killing and letting die-if one is permissible, then so is the other.Professor Sullivan does not dispute my argument; instead he dismisses it as irrelevant. The traditional doctrine, he says, does not appeal to or depend on the distinction between killing and letting die. Therefore, arguments against that distinction “leave the traditional position untouched.“Is my argument really irrelevant? I dont see how it can be. As Sullivan himself points out, nearly
