1、考研英语-954 及答案解析(总分：102.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：20.00)At the beginning of the century, medical scientists made a surprising discovery: that we are (1) not just of flesh and blood but also of time. They were able to (2) that we all have an internal “body clock“ which (3) the rise an
2、d fall of our body energies, making us different from one day to the (5) . These forces became known as biorhythms: they create the (5) in our everyday life.The (6) of an internal “body clock“ should not be too surprising, (7) the lives of most living things are dominated by the 24-hour night-and-da
3、y cycle. The most obvious (8) of this cycle is the (9) we feel tired and fall asleep at night and become awake and (10) during the day. (11) the 24-hour rhythm is interrupted, most people experience unpleasant side effects.(12) , international aeroplane travelers often experience “jet lag“ when trav
4、eling across time (13) . People who are not used to (14) work can find that lack of sleep affects their work performance.(15) the daily rhythm of sleeping and waking, we also have other rhythms which (16) .longer than one day and which influence wide areas of our lives. Most of us would agree that w
5、e feel good on (17) days and net so good on others. Sometimes we are (18) fingers and thumbs but on other days we have excellent coordination. There are times when we appear to be accident-prone, or when our temper seems to be on a short fuse. Isnt it also strange (19) ideas seem to flow on some day
6、s but at other times are (20) nonexistent? Musicians, painters and writers often talk about “dry spells“.（分数：20.00）(1).A. built B. shaped C. molded D. grown（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. demonstrate B. illustrate C. present D. propose（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. designates B. fluctuates C. calculates D. regulat
7、es（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. second B. latter C. other D. next（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).A. “ups“ and “down“ B. “goods“ and “bads“ C. “pros“ and “cons“ D. “highs“ and “lows/（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).A. name B. idea C. expression D. image（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(7).A. unless B. when C. since D. although（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(
8、8).A. nature B. character C. feature D. fact（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(9).A. mode B. way C. form D. fashion（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(10).A. watchful B. ready C. alert D. attentive（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(11).A. As B. Because C.Though D.If（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(12).A. Of course B. For example C. In consequence D. In particular（分
9、数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(13).A. zones B. areas C. belts D. sphere（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(14).A. change B. shift C. transfer D. alternative（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(15).A. Instead of B. Rather than C. As well as D. In comparison with（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(16).A. last B. move C. live D. survive（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(17).A. many B. se
10、veral C. some D. most（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(18).A. all B. partly C. seldom D. often（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(19).A. when B. how C. that D. which（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(20).A. particularly B. specifically C. apparently D. virtually（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1
11、，分数：6.00)When it comes to suing doctors, Philadelphia is hardly the city of brotherly love. A combination of sprightly lawyers and sympathetic juries has made Philadelphia a hotspot for medical-malpractice lawsuits. Since 1995, Pennsylvania state courts have awarded an average of $ 2m in such cases,
12、 according to Jury Verdict Research, a survey firm. Some medical specialists have seen their malpractice insurance premiums nearly double over the past year. Obstetricians are now paying up to $ 104,000 a year to protect themselves.The insurance industry is largely to blame. Carol Golin, the Monitor
13、s editor, argues that in the 1990s insurers tried to grab market share by offering artificially low rates (betting that any losses would be covered by gains on their investments). The stock-market correction, coupled with the large legal awards, has eroded the insurers reserves. Three in Pennsylvani
14、a alone have gone bust.A few doctors - particularly older ones - will quit. The rest are adapting. Some are abandoning litigation-prone procedures, such as delivering babies. Others are moving parts of their practice to neighboring states where insurance rates are lower. Some from Pennsylvania have
15、opened offices in New Jersey. New doctors may also be deterred from setting up shop in litigation havens, however prestigious.Despite a Republican president, tort reform has got nowhere at the federal level. Indeed doctors could get clobbered indirectly by a Patients Bill of Rights, which would furt
16、her expose managed care companies to lawsuits. This prospect has fuelled interest among doctors in Pennsylvanias new medical malpractice reform bill, which was signed into law on March 20th. It will, among other things, give doctors $ 40m of state funds to offset their insurance premiums, spread the
17、 payment of awards out over time and prohibit individuals from double-dipping that is, suing a doctor for damages that have already been paid by their health insurer.But will it really help? Randall Bovbjerg, a health policy expert at the Urban Institute, argues that the only proper way to slow down
18、 the litigation machine would be to limit the compensation for pain and suffering, so-called “non-monetary damages“. Needless to say, a fixed cap on such awards is resisted by most trial lawyers. But Mr Bovbjerg reckons a more nuanced approach, with a sliding scale of payments based on well-defined
19、measures of injury, is a better way forward. In the meantime, doctors and insurers are bracing themselves for a couple more rough years before the insurance cycle turns.Nobody disputes that hospital staff make mistakes: a 1999 Institute of Medicine report claimed that errors kill at least 44,000 pat
20、ients a year. But there is little evidence that malpractice lawsuits on their own will solve the problem.（分数：6.00）(1).It is implied in the first sentence that doctors in PhiladelphiaA. are over-confident of their social connections in daily life.B. benefit a lot from their malpractice insurance prem
21、iums.C. are more likely to be sued for their medical-malpractice.D. pay less than is required by law to protect themselves.（分数：1.20）A.B.C.D.(2).At the time when this article was written, the situation for doctors in Philadelphia seemed to beA. rather gloomy.B. fairly optimistic.C. very desperate.D.
22、quite reassuring.（分数：1.20）A.B.C.D.(3).By mentioning “double dipping“ (Paragraph 4), the author is talking aboutA. awards given to patients by doctors.B. market share secured by insurers.C. malpractice reform bill to be passed.D. insurance rates-cut in some states.（分数：1.20）A.B.C.D.(4).It seems that t
23、he author is very critical ofA. litigation-prone areas.B. the insurance premium.C. irresponsible hospital staff.D. the insurance industry.（分数：1.20）A.B.C.D.(5).We can learn from the text that a new law in PennsylvanianA. will subject insurance companies to lawsuits.B. helps solve the problem of hospi
24、tal staff errors.C. may leave doctors a little better protected.D. helps patients sue a doctor for damages.（分数：1.20）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the
25、 economy s vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and factories. Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ nearly 60 percent of the work force and are expected to generate half of ail new jobs between now and the year 20
26、00. Some 1.2 million small firms have opened their doors over the past six years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own.Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor for their prod
27、ucts or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires. Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor the idea of being their own bos
28、s but may forget that entrepreneurs must also, at least for a while, be bookkeeper and receptionist, too. According to Small Business Administration data,24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to have disappeared in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from
29、now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups will have folded. A new study of 3,000 small businesses, sponsored by American Express and the National Federation of Independent Business, suggests slightly better odds: Three years after start-up ,77 percent of the companies surveyed were still ali
30、ve. Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in. Eighty percent had worked with the same product or service in their last jobs.Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm
31、s health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age. You mast tenderly monitor its pulse. In their zeal to expand, small-business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitability. They hopefully pour more and more money into the enterpris
32、e, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that mean the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices. Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the pati
33、ent is usually too far gone to save.Frequent checks of your firms vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth. To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot idea.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text
34、, the main difference between a multinational corporation and a small business lies inA. the proportion of work force.B. the frequency appeared on the headlines.C. the number of the workers.D. the way of opening a business.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).We may conclude from the text thatA. the future of the s
35、mall businesses is promising and undoubtedly encouraging.B. all those who leave their jobs will be a boss of a small business.C. everyone should look before they leap when they decide managing small business.D. the success of small business solely depends on the bosses who perform their last jobs.（分
36、数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).When opening small businesses, the most important thing for small-business owners to do isA. to make a thorough analysis on the market,B. to invest much more money in small business.C. to cut down the workers wages,D. to think carefully about the internal specific conditions in th
37、e small enterprises,（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In a recent research, after three years,_ small enterprises will he alive among 3,000 small businesses.A. more than 60 B. more than 51 C. more than 2,310 D. more than 2,400（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The author s attitude towards the development of small businesses
38、isA. worried. B. unconcerned. C. optimistic. D. cautious.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)If open-source software is supposed to be free, how does anyone selling it make any money? Its not that different from how other software companies make money.Youd think that a software company would ma
39、ke most of its money from, well, selling software. But youd be wrong. For one thing, companies dont sell software, strictly speaking; they license it. The profit margin on a software license is nearly 100 percent, which is why Microsoft gushes billions of dollars every quarter.But whats the value of
40、 a license to a customer? A license doesnt deliver the code, provide the utilities to get a piece of software running, or answer the phone when something inevitably goes wrong. The value of software, in short, doesnt lie in the software alone. The value is in making sure the soft- ware does its job.
41、 Just as a traveler should look at the overall price of a vacation package instead of obsessing over the price of the plane ticket or hotel mom, a smart tech buyer wont focus on how much the license costs and ignore the support contract or the maintenance agreement.Open-source is not that different.
42、 If you want the software to work, you have to pay to ensure it will work. The open-source companies have refined the software model by selling subscriptions. They roll together support and maintenance and charge an annual fee, which is a healthy model, though not quite as wonderful as Microsofts mo
43、ney-raking one. Tellingly, even Microsoft is casting an envious eye at aspects of the open-source business model. The company has been taking halting steps toward a similar subscription scheme for its software sales. Microsofts subscription program, known as Soft- ware Assurance, provides maintenanc
44、e and support together with a software license. It lets you up- grade to Microsofts next version of the software for a predictable sum. But it also contains an implicit threat: If you dont switch to Software Assurance now, who knows how much Microsoft will charge you when you decide to upgrade?Chief
45、 information officers hate this kind of *assurance“, since theyre often perfectly happy running older versions of software that are proven and stable. Microsoft, on the other hand, rakes in the software-licensing fees only when customers upgrade. Software Assurance is Microsofts attempt to get those
46、 same licensing fees but wrap them together with the service and support needed to keep systems running. Thats why Microsoft finds the open-source model so threatening: open-source companies have no vested interest in getting more licensing fees and dont have to pad their service contracts with that
47、 extra cost. In the end, the main difference between open-source and proprietary software companies may be the size of the check you have to write.（分数：10.00）(1).The author used the example of a traveler (Para. 3) to show thatA. the value of software should be considered as a whole.B. tech buyers sho
48、uld care little about license.C. a license doesnt comprise support and maintenance.D. customers have to pay a lot to get a license.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following seems to be the overall attitude of Microsoft toward subscription plan?A. Eager. B. Doubtful.C. Confident. D. Hesitant.（分数：2.
49、00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the passage MicrosoftA. operates a better sales system.B. uses open-source business model as a reference.C. forces tech buyers to upgrade the software.D. charges an annual fee for the service and support.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).“That extra cost“(Line 7, Para. 5) probably refers toA. software-licensing fees.B. total cost of a software product.C. payment for service contracts.D. the charge for subscription.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is true about Microsoft?A. It disgusts many chief information officers.B. It has de
