1、考研英语-958 及答案解析(总分：95.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible (1) of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea (2) , or patent it.A (3) patent is the result of a bargain (4) between a
2、n inventor and the state, hut the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period (5) .Only in the most exceptional circumstances (6) the lifespan of a patent (7) to alter this normal process of events.The longest extension ever
3、(8) was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuit was extended until 1971 because for most of the patents normal life there was no color TV to (9) and thus no hope for reward for the invention.Because a patent remains permanently (10) after it has terminated, the shelves of t
4、he library attached to the (11) office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if (12) than half a century, sometimes even repatent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone (13) to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through (14) patents that the
5、 one sure way of violation of any other inventors right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form (15) invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally (16) to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is (17
6、) on these presumptions of legal security.Anyone closely (8) in patents and inventions soon learns that most “new“ ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is theft reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, (19) makes
7、news and money. The basic patent for the theory for magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate (20) the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine ear was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.（分数：
8、10.00）(1).A. work B. possibility C. measures D. courses（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. open B. covered C. secret D. improved（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. granted B. granting C. inventing D. invented（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. striking B. struck C. to be striking D. to strike（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. terminating B. cont
9、inuing C. continues D. terminates（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A. are B. to be C. be D. is（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. extending B. will extend C. extended D. to be extended（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A. granted B. granting C. to grant D. being granted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. receiving B. sending C. receive D. send（分数：0.
10、50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. public B. secret C. close D. concealed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. customer B. commerce C. patent D. television（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. longer B. older C. weaker D. younger（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A. wished B. refusing C. refused D. wishing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. live B. dead C. working
11、 D. recording（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. temporarily B. suddenly C. permanently D. sharply（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. dangerous B. undesirable C. safe D. terrible（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A. constructed B. sent C. anticipated D. based（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A. involving B. involved C. contained D. containing（分数
12、：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. which B. when C. that D. where（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. with B. off C. before D. from（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and re
13、laxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Net choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,“ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit“ carries a negative implication.So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same
14、context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creat
15、ures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new things we trythe more we step outside our comfort zonethe more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.But dont bother trying to kill off old habits;
16、 once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, theyre there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old reads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,“ says Dawna Markova, author of The O
17、pen Mind. “But we are taught instead to decide, just as our president calls himself the Decider.“ She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.“All of us work through problems in ways of whic
18、h were unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960a discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that
19、 capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks
20、 the major rule in the American belief system that anyone can do anything,“ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will. and Ms. Markovas business partner. “Thats a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what youre good at and doing even more of it creates
21、 excellence.“ This is where developing new habits comes in.（分数：10.00）(1).In Wordsworths view, “habits“ is characterized by being _.A. casual B. familiar C. mechanical D. changeable（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of new habits can be _.A. predicted B. regulat
22、ed C. traced D. guided（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word “ruts“ (Line 1, Paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to _.A. tracks B. series C. characteristics D. connections（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Dawns Murkova would most probably agree that _.A. ideas are born of a relaxing mind B. innovativeness could be taughtC
23、. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas D. curiosity activates creative minds（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Ryans comments suggest that the practice of standardized testing _.A. prevents new habits from being formedB. no longer emphasizes commonnessC. maintains the inherent American thinking modeD. compli
24、es with the American belief system（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Prolonged and excessive use of alcohol can seriously undermine an individuals health. Physical deterioration occurs. Large quantities of alcohol can directly damage body tissue and indirectly cause malnutrition. Nutritional d
25、eficiencies can result for several reasons. Alcohol contains empty calories, which have no significant nutritive value. When consumed in substantial amounts, alcohol curbs one s appetite for more wholesome foods. Excessive alcohol intake can interfere with the proper digestion and absorption of food
26、. Therefore, even the heavy drinker who does eat a well-balanced diet is deprived of me essential nutrients. Maintenance of a drinking habit can deplete economic resources otherwise available for buying good, wholesome food. Malnutrition itself further reduces the body s ability to utilize the nutri
27、ents consumed. The result of damaged tissue and malnutrition can be brain injury, heart disease, diabetes, or cancer of the liver, and weakened muscle tissue. Untreated alcoholism can reduce ones life span by ten to twelve years.Heavy alcohol consumption also affects the bodys usage of other drugs a
28、nd medications. The dosages required by excessive drinkers may differ from those required by normal or non-drinkers. Serious consequences can be incurred unless the prescribing physician is aware of the patients drinking habits.Sudden death may result from excessive drinking. It might occur when the
29、 individual has ingested such a large amount of alcohol that the brain center controlling breathing and heart action is adversely affected, or when taking some other drugs, particularly sleep preparations along with alcohol. Death, as a result of excessive drinking, can come during an automobile acc
30、ident since half of all fatal traffic accidents involve the use of alcohol. Many self-inflicted deaths, as well as homicides, involve the use of alcohol.It is important to remember that alcohol is a drug that is potentially addictive. Once the user is hooked on alcohol, withdrawal symptoms occur whe
31、n it is not sufficiently available to body cells. At the onset of developing alcohol addiction, these symptoms may be relatively mild and include hand tremors, anxiety, nausea, and sweating. As dependency increases, so does the severity of the withdrawal syndrome and the need for medical assistance
32、to cope with it.In 1956 the American Medical Association supported the growing acceptance of alcoholism as an illness, falling under the treatment jurisdiction of the medical profession. Since then, the medical resources for problems of acute and chronic intoxication have increased and improved.（分数：
33、10.00）(1).To develop his point, the author has used_.A. sensory words B. convincing argumentsC. scientific facts D. figures of speech（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following statements is false?A. Heavy drinkers are in poverty.B. Heavy drinkers are likely to die suddenly.C. Physicians should know
34、 about seine of their patients habits.D. Heavy drinkers usually live shorter than ordinary people.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Heavy alcohol consumption leads to_.A. depriving people of their appetiteB. disturbing peoples digestion systemsC. lacking of money to buy wholesome food sometimesD. making people t
35、hinner and thinner（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What can be inferred from the passage?A. Alcoholism can be treated as other illnesses.B. Intoxication is prohibited by law.C. Excessive drinking results in criminal behavior.D. People are fully aware of the serious consequences of heavy alcohol consumption.（分数：
36、2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Physical dependence on alcohol results from_.A. drinking it excessively over long timeB. using it quantitatively for medical care for a long periodC. consuming it exclusively on social occasionsD. applying it carelessly to unpleasant symptoms（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)
37、The simple act of surrendering a telephone number to a store clerk may seem innocuousso much so that many consumers do it with no questions asked. Yet that one action can set in motion a cascade of silent events, as that data point is acquired, analyzed, categorized, stored and sold over and over ag
38、ain. Future attacks on your privacy may come from anywhere, from anyone with money to purchase that phone number you surrendered. If you doubt the multiplier effect, consider your e-mail inbox. If its loaded with spam, its undoubtedly because at some point in time you unknowingly surrendered your e-
39、mail to the wrong Web site.Do you think your telephone number or address are handled differently? A cottage industry of small companies with names youve probably never heard oflike Acxiom or Merlinbuy and sell your personal information the way other commodities like corn or cattle futures are barter
40、ed. You may think your cell phone is unlisted, but if youve ever ordered a pizza, it might not be. Merlin is one of many commercial data brokers that advertises sale of unlisted phone numbers compiled from various sourcesincluding pizza delivery companies. These unintended, unpredictable consequence
41、s that flow from simple actions make privacy issues difficult to grasp, and grapple with.In a larger sense, privacy also is often cast as a tale of “Big Brother“the government is watching you or a big corporation is watching you. But privacy issues dont necessarily involve large faceless institution
42、s: A spouse takes a casual glance at her husbands Blackberry, a co-worker looks at e-mail over your shoulder or a friend glances at a cell phone text message from the next seat on the bus. While very little of this is news to anyonepeople are now well aware there are video cameras and Internet cooki
43、es everywherethere is abundant evidence that people live their lives ignorant of the monitoring, assuming a mythical level of privacy. People write e-mails and type instant messages they never expect anyone to see. Just ask Mark Foley or even Bill Gates, whose e-mails were a cornerstone of the Justi
44、ce Departments antitrust case against Microsoft.And polls and studies have repeatedly shown that Americans are indifferent to privacy concerns. The general defense for such indifference is summed up a single phrase: “I have nothing to hide. “ If you have nothing to hide, why shouldnt the government
45、be able to peek at your phone records, your wife see your e-mail or a company send you junk mail? Its a powerful argument, one that privacy advocates spend considerable time discussing and strategizing over.It is hard to deny, however, that people behave different when theyre being watched. And it i
46、s also impossible to deny that Americans are now being watched more than at any time in history.（分数：10.00）(1).The email example showsA. email has become the predominant means of communication.B. careless surrendering of personal information can be harmful.C. the communication via email is replacing
47、that via telephone.D. email will become an area for potential attacks on privacy.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Companies like Acxiom or MerlinA. make a profit by acquiring and selling personal information.B. compile telephone directories for local business transaction.C. are law firms specializing in dealing
48、 with privacy issues.D. are agencies whose major mission is to protect privacy.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).We can infer from the third paragraph thatA. cases of intrusion on privacy are the most serious in large institutions.B. people are now clearly aware how their privacy can be invaded.C. the Justice De
49、partment has done nothing about privacy issues so far.D. Bill Gates email messages have been used against him in his lawsuit.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).To the popular saying “I have nothing to hide,“ the authors response is one ofA. admiration. B. contempt. C. disapproval. D. puzzlement.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What advice might the author give to the ordinary people?A. Never leave your telephone number anywhere.B. Raise your awareness of self-protection.C. Use your ceil phone and email wisely.D. Dont respond too r
