1、考研英语-试卷 154及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Reading and writing have long been thought of as complementary skills: to read is to r
2、ecognize and interpret language that has been written; to write is to plan and produce language (1)_ it can be read. It is therefore widely (2)_ that being able to read implies being able to writer, at least, being able to spell. Often, children are taught to read but (3)_ no formal tuition in spell
3、ing; it is felt that spelling will be “(4)_ up“. The attitude has its (5)_ in the methods of 200 years ago, when teachers carefully taught spelling, and assumed that reading would (6)_ automatically. Recent research into spelling errors and “slips of the pen“ has begun to show that matters are (7)_
4、so simple. There is no necessary link between reading and writing: good readers do not always (8)_ good writers. Nor is there any necessary link between reading and spelling: there are many people who have no (9)_ in reading, but who have a major persistent (10)_ in spellingsome researchers have est
5、imated that this may be as (11)_ as 2% of the population. With children, too, there is (12)_ that knowledge of reading does not automatically (16)_ to spelling. If there (14)_ a close relationship, children should be able to read and spell the (15)_ words: but this is not so. It is (16)_ to find chi
6、ldren who can read (17)_ better than they can spell. More surprisingly, the (18)_ happens with some children in the early stages of reading. One study (19)_ children the same list of words to read and spell: several (20)_ spelled more words correctly than they were able to read correctly.（分数：40.00）A
7、.in orderB.forC.thatD.so thatA.assumedB.guessedC.recognizedD.implementedA.withB.hadC.givenD.obtainedA.pickedB.gatheredC.foundD.putA.encounterB.counterpartC.causeD.standardA.realizeB.reachC.acquireD.followA.notB.reallyC.exactlyD.preciselyA.achieveB.answer forC.matchD.makeA.funB.difficultyC.interestD.
8、talentA.mistakeB.handicapC.incompetenceD.fractureA.muchB.manyC.greatD.farA.assumptionB.reasonC.evidenceD.referA.transformB.translateC.referD.transferA.wereB.existsC.isD.cameA.sameB.otherC.severalD.correctA.oftenB.frequentC.popularD.commonplaceA.veryB.farC.noD.anyA.adverseB.counterpointC.reverseD.ins
9、ufficiencyA.requiredB.toldC.gaveD.demandedA.actuallyB.likelyC.sidewaysD.slyly二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._In an interview last month, Frank C
10、hurch, chairman of the Senate committee that is investigating the CIA, issued an oblique but impassioned warning, that the technology of eavesdropping had become so highly developed that Americans might soon be left with “no place to hide“. That day may have arrived. Newsweek has learned that the co
11、untry“s most secret intelligence operation, the National Security Agency, already possesses the computerized equipment to monitor nearly all overseas telephone calls and most domestic and international printed messages. The agency“s devices monitor thousands of telephone circuits, cable lines and th
12、e microwave transmissions that carry an increasing share of both spoken and written communications. Computers are programmed to watch for “trigger“ words or phrases indicating that a message might interest intelligence analysis, when the trigger is pulled, entire messages are tape-recorded or printe
13、d out. That kind of eavesdropping is, however, relatively simple compared with the breakthroughs that lie ahead in the field of snoopery. Already it is technically feasible to “bug“ an electric typewriter by picking up its feeble electronic emissions from a remote location and then translating them
14、into words. And some scientists believe that it may be possible in the future for remote electronic equipment to intercept and “read“ human brain waves. Where such capabilities exist, so too does the potential for abuse. It is the old story of technology rushing forward with some new wonder, before
15、the man who supposedly control the machines have figure out how to prevent the machines from controlling them.（分数：10.00）(1).Which is the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Fight Against EavesdroppingB.A New BreakthrouthC.No Place to HideD.An Impassioned Warning(2).Which of the following is most l
16、ikely to be bugged?（分数：2.00）A.International telephone calls.B.International printed messages.C.Domestic printed messages.D.Electric typewriters.(3).The warning given by Frank Church is _.（分数：2.00）A.indirect but enthusiasticB.direct but passionateC.ambiguous but calmD.definite but indifferent(4).What
17、 is the author“s attitude towards eavesdropping?（分数：2.00）A.Admiration.B.Worry.C.Fury.D.Unconcern.(5).It can be inferred that _.（分数：2.00）A.man will eventually be controlled by machinesB.machines will eventually be controlled by manC.man is sometimes deceived by machinesD.machines often rush into huma
18、n brainsThe producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their product“s manifest advantages. Furthermore, the advertising expenditure for instant coffee was far greater than that for regular coffee. Efforts were made to find the cause of the consume
19、rs“ seemingly unreasonable resistance to the product. The reason given by most people was dislike for the taste. The producers suspected that there might be deeper reasons, however. This was confirmed by one of motivation research“s classic studies, one often cited in the trade. Mason Haire, of the
20、University of California, constructed two shopping lists that were identical except for one item. There were six items common to both lists: hamburger, carrots, bread, baking powder, canned peaches, and potatoes, with the brands or amounts specified. The seventh item, in fifth place on both lists, r
21、ead “1 lb. Maxwell House Coffee“ on one list and “Nestle Instant Coffee“ on the other. One list was given to each one in a group of fifty women, and the other list to those in another group of the same size. The women were asked to study their lists and then to describe, as far as they could, the ki
22、nd of women (“personality and character“) who would draw up that shopping list. Nearly half of those who had received the list including instant coffee described a housewife who was lazy and a poor planner. On the other hand, only one woman in the other group described the housewife, who had include
23、d regular coffee on her list, as lazy; only six of that group suggested that she was a poor planner. Eight women felt that the instant-coffee user was probably not a good wife! No one in the other group drew such a conclusion about the housewife who intended to buy regular coffee.（分数：10.00）(1).Accor
24、ding to the passage, most people said they didn“t like instant coffee because _.（分数：2.00）A.it had many disadvantagesB.they didn“t want to be lazy housewives and poor plannersC.they didn“t like its tasteD.it was spoiled by too much advertising(2).Which of the following was confirmed by the motivation
25、 studies?（分数：2.00）A.Instant coffee was strongly resisted in the market places.B.The advertising expenditure for instant coffee was far greater than that for regular coffee.C.There might be deeper reasons in the resistance to instant coffee.D.It was a lazy housewife who used instant coffee.(3).How ma
26、ny items were included in each shopping fist?（分数：2.00）A.6B.7C.12D.14(4).Which of the follwing statements is true about the result of the test?（分数：2.00）A.Nearly half of the women tested described the instant coffee user a lazy housewife and a poor planner.B.About fifty percent of the women were lazy.
27、C.25% the women tested believed that wives who used instant coffee were lazy.D.Wives who used regular coffee were good planners.(5).According to the passage, many women preferred regular coffee to instant coffee because _.（分数：2.00）A.regular coffee tasted better than instant coffeeB.they intented to
28、do something the hard wayC.they felt unconciously ashamed of prepairing instant coffeeD.they don“t like to change their way of doing thingsGeorge Bernard Shaw(18561950) was born in Dublin, Ireland. At the age of 14, after graduating from middle school, Shaw was put into a job as clerk in a land agen
29、t“s office. At 20 he went to London where he remained jobless for 9 years, devoting much time to self-education. Meantime, Shaw took an active part in the socialist movement. A contemporary of Shaw“s thus wrote of him: “I used to be a daily frequenter of the British Museum Reading Room. Even more as
30、siduous in his attendance was a young man. My curiosity was piqued by the odd conjunction of his subjects of research. Day after day for weeks he had before him two booksKarl Marx“s “Das Kapital“ (in French), and an orchestral score(管弦乐乐谱) of “Tristan and Isolde“. Though Shaw admitted Marx“s great i
31、nfluence on him, he failed to grasp the necessity of a revolutionary reconstruction of the world. A strong influence was exercised on Shaw by the Fabian society, the English reformist organization. In the early period of his literary career, Shaw wrote some novels, “An Unsocial Socialist“ and others
32、, in which he developed the traditions of critical realism, bitterly criticizing the stupidity, snobbishness and petty tyranny of the middle class. In the nineties Shaw turned to the theatre, first working as a dramatic critic, then writing plays for the stage. His role in the development of dramatu
33、rgy is very great. Shaw was an enemy of “art for art“s sake“. He wrote, “for art“s sake I will not face the toil of writing a sentence“. He used the stage to criticize the evils of capitalism. He wrote 51 plays in total, the important ones including “Widower“s Houses“, “Saint Joan“ and “The Apple Ca
34、rt“. In his plays Shaw laid bare the gross injustice and utter inhumanity of the bourgeois society. This he achieved not so much by the structures of plots in his plays as by the brilliant dialogues between the characters. His exposure of capitalist society is very significant and it places Shaw amo
35、ng the most important representatives of critical realism in modern English literature.（分数：10.00）(1).The inference we can draw from what a contemporary of Shaw“s is that _.（分数：2.00）A.he was more diligent than ShawB.he was a friend of Shaw“sC.Shaw once made a careful study of Marx“s worksD.Shaw once
36、composed an orchestral score(2).Which of the following statements is closest in meaning to the second paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Shaw was not influenced by Marx, any more than he was influenced by the Fabian society.B.The influence of the Fabian society on Shaw exceeded Marx“s influence on him.C.Shaw admi
37、tted that he was influenced by both Marx and the Fabian society to some extent.D.Marx“s great influence on Shaw surpassed that of Fabian society on him.(3).Which of the following statements is NOT correct?（分数：2.00）A.An Unsocial Socialist is typical of Shaw“s novels.B.Shaw left 51 plays for his reade
38、rs.C.Shaw first worked as a dramatic critic for his literary career.D.Shaw took a strong stand against the trend of “art for art“s sake“.(4).In his plays, Shaw achieved the exposure of capitalist society _.（分数：2.00）A.by either the structures of plots or the brilliant dialogues between the characters
39、B.by the brilliant dialogues between the characters better than by the structures of plotsC.by both the brilliant plots and dialogues equallyD.by the brilliant dialogues between the characters instead of by the structures of plots(5).Which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）A.In his teens,
40、 Shaw took an active part in the socialist movement.B.In his twenties, Shaw was out of work for 9 years.C.In his works, Shaw spoke for the socialism movement by criticizing the evils of capitalism.D.In his nineties, Shaw turned to the theatre.In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness o
41、f the inadequacies of the judicial system in the United States. Costs are staggering both for the taxpayers and the litigantsand the litigants, or parties, have to wait sometimes many years before having their day in court. Many suggestions have been made concerning methods of ameliorating the situa
42、tion, but as in most branches of government, changes come slowly. One suggestion that has been made in order to maximize the efficiency of the system is to allow districts that have an overabundance of pending cases to borrow judges from other districts that do not have such a backlog. Another sugge
43、stion is to use pretrial conferences, in which the judge meets in his chambers with the litigants and their attorneys in order to narrow the issues, limit the witnesses, and provide for a more orderly trial. The theory behind pretrial conferences is that judges will spend leas time on each case and
44、parties will more readily settle before trial when they realize the adequacy of their claims and their opponents“ evidence. Unfortunately, at least one study has shown that pretrial conferences actually use more judicial time than they save, rarely result in pretrial settlements, and actually result
45、 in higher damage settlements. Many states have now established another method, small-claims courts, in which cases over small sums of money can be disposed of with considerable dispatch. Such proceedings cost the litigants almost nothing. In California, for example, the parties must appear before t
46、he judge without the assistance of counsel. The proceedings are quite informal and there is no pleadingthe litigants need to make only a one-sentence statement of their claim. By going to this type of court, the plaintiff waives any right to a jury trial and the right to appeal the decision. In comi
47、ng years, we can expect to see more and more innovations in the continuing effort to remedy a situation which must be remedied if the citizens who have valid claims are going to be able to have their day in court.（分数：10.00）(1).The pretrial conference, in theory, is supposed to do all of the followin
48、g EXCEPT _.（分数：2.00）A.narrow the issuesB.cause early settlementsC.save judicial timeD.increase settlement costs(2).What is the main topic of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.All states should follow California“s example in using small-claims courts in order to free judges for other work.B.The legislature needs to formulate fewer laws so that the judiciary can catch up on its older cases.C.Nobody seems to care enough to attempt to find methods for making the judicial system more efficient.D.While there are many proble
