1、考研英语-试卷 164及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_What can be said of the normal process of aging, from a linguistic point of view? In g
2、eneral (1)_, there is a clear and (2)_ relationship: no-one would have much difficulty (3)_ a baby, a young child, a teenager, a middle-aged person, or a very old person from a tape recording. With children, (4)_ is possible for specialists in language development, and people experienced (5)_ child
3、care, to make very detailed (6)_ about how language correlates with age in the early years. (7)_ is known about the patterns of linguistic change that affect older people. It is plain that our voice quality, vocabulary, and style alter (8)_ we grow older, but research (9)_ the nature of these change
4、s is in its earliest stages. However. a certain amount of (10)_ is available about the production and (11)_ of spoken language by very old people, especially regarding the phonetic changes that take place. Speech is (12)_ to be affected by reductions in the (13)_ of the vocal organs. The muscles of
5、the chest (14), the lungs become less elastic, the ribs (15)_ mobile: as a result, respiratory efficiency at age 75 is only about half (16)_ at age 30, and this has (17)_ for the ability to speak loudly, rhythmically, and with good tone In addition, speech is affected by poorer movement of the soft
6、palate and changes in the facial skeleton, especially around the mouth and jaw. There are other, more general signs of age. Speech rate slows, and fluency may be more erratic. Hearing (18)_, especially after the early fifties. Weakening (19)_ of memory and attention may affect the ability to compreh
7、end complex speech patterns. But it is (20)_ all had news: vocabulary awareness may continue to grow, as may stylistic abilityskills in narration, for example. And grammatical ability seems to be little affected.（分数：40.00）A.speechB.termsC.waysD.casesA.obscureB.unmistakableC.unacceptableD.backwardA.i
8、dentifyingB.seeingC.tellingD.hearingA.whatB.thisC.oneD.itA.ofB.withC.inD.forA.decisionsB.determinationC.predictionsD.judgmentsA.FewB.NothingC.LittleD.MuchA.becauseB.thatC.whereD.asA.intoB.ofC.atD.overA.messageB.informationC.researchD.confirmationA.editionB.reasonC.comprehensionD.causeA.ableB.thereC.
9、thereforeD.likelyA.effectB.voiceC.efficiencyD.soundA.weakenB.increasesC.stopsD.breaksA.becomeB.lessC.areD.neitherA.efficientB.existenceC.remainingD.thatA.subsequencesB.disadvantagesC.consequencesD.advantagesA.damagesB.breaks downC.deterioratesD.put offA.facultiesB.departmentsC.patternsD.authorityA.t
10、hatB.notC.clearlyD.nor二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._It is evident that there is a close connection between the capacity to use language and th
11、e capacities covered by the verb“ to think“. Indeed, me writers have identified thinking with using words: Plato coined the saying, “In thinking the soul is talking to itself“; J. B. Watson reduced thinking to inhibited speech located in the minute movements or tensions of the physiological mechanis
12、ms involved in speaking; and although Ryle is careful to point out that there are many senses in which a person is said to think in which words are not in evidence, he has also said that saying something in a specific frame of mind is thinking a thought. Is thinking reducible to, or dependent upon,
13、language habits? It would seem that many thinking situations are hardly distinguishable from the skilful use of language, although there are some others in which language is not involved. Thought cannot be simply identified with running language. It may be the case, of course, that the non-linguisti
14、c skills involved in thought can only be acquired and developed if the learner is able to use and understand language. However, this question is one which we cannot hope to answer in this book. Obviously being able to use language makes for a considerable development in all one“s capacities but how
15、precisely this comes about we cannot say. At the common-sense level it appears that there is often a distinction between thought and the words we employ to communicate with other people. We often have to struggle hard to find words to capture what our thinking has already grasped, and when we do fin
16、d words we sometimes feel that they fail to do their job properly. Again when we report or describe our thinking to other people we do not merely report unspoken words and sentences. Such sentences do not always occur in thinking, and when they do they axe merged with vague imagery and the hint of u
17、nconscious or subliminal activities going on just out of range. Thinking, as it happens, is more like struggling, striving, or searching for something than it is like talking or reading. Words do play their part but they are rarely the only feature of thought. This observation is supported by the ex
18、periments of the Wurzburg psychologists reported in Chapter Eight who showed that intelligent adaptive responses can occur in problem solving situations without the use of either words or images of any kind; “,Set“ and “determining tendencies“ operate without the actual use of language in helping us
19、 to think purposefully and intelligently. Again the Study of speech disorders due to brain injury or disease suggest that patients can think without having adequate control over their language, some patients, for example, fail to find the names of objects presented to them and are unable to describe
20、 simple events which they witness; they even find it difficult to interpret long written notices. But they succeed in playing games of chess or draughts. They can use the concepts needed for chess playing or draughts playing but are unable to use many of the concepts in ordinary language. How they m
21、anage to do this we do not know. Yet animals such as Kohler“s chimpanzees can solve problems by working out strategies such as the invention of implements or Climbing aids when such animals have not language beyond a few warning cries. Intelligent or “insightful“ behavior is not dependent in the cas
22、e of monkeys on language skills: presumably human beings have various capacities for thinking situations which are likewise independent of language.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the theory of “thought“ devised by J. B. Watson, thinking is_.（分数：2.00）A.talking to the soulB.suppressed speechC.speaking non
23、verballyD.nonlinguistic behavior(2).Which of the following statements is true in the author“s opinion?（分数：2.00）A.Ability to use language enhances one“s capacities.B.Word and thought match more often than not.C.Thinking never goes without language.D.Language and thought are generally distinguishable.
24、(3).According to the author, when we intend to describe our thoughts_.（分数：2.00）A.we merely report internal speechB.neither words nor imagery worksC.we are overwhelmed with vague imageryD.words often fail to do their job(4).Why are patients with speech disorders able to think without having adequate
25、control over language?（分数：2.00）A.They use different concepts.B.They do not think linguistically.C.It still remains an unsolved problem.D.Thinking is independent of language.(5).What is the main idea of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.In thinking the soul is talking to itself.B.Thinking is closely related to
26、the capacity to use language.C.Thinking is not necessarily closely related to the capacity of using language.D.Thinking and using language are two different processes.Of all the truths that this generation of Americans hold self-evident, few are more deeply embedded in the national psyche than the m
27、axim “It pays to go to collage“. Since G. Bill transformed higher education in the aftermath of WWII, a college diploma, once a birthright of the leisured few, has become a lodestone for the upwardly mobile, as integral to the American dream as the pursuit of happiness itself. The numbers tell the s
28、tory: In 1950s, 43% of high-school graduates went on to pursue some form of higher education; at the same time, only 6% of Americans were college graduates. But by 1992, almost 2 to out of 3 secondary-school graduates were opting for higher educationand 21% of a much larger U.S. population had colle
29、ge diplomas. As Prof. Herbert London of New York University told a commencement audience last June: “The college experience has gone from a rite passage to a right of passage“. However, as the class of 1993 is so painfully discovering, while a college diploma remains a requisite credential for ascen
30、ding the economic ladder, it no longer guarantees the good life. Rarely since the end of the Great Depression has the job outlook for college graduates appeared so bleak: of the 1.1 million students who received their baccalaureate degrees last spring, fewer than 20% had lined up full-time employmen
31、t by commencement. Indeed, an uncertain job market has precipitated a wave of economic fear and trembling among the young. “Many of my classmates are absolutely terrified“, says one of the fortunate few who did manage to land a permanent position. “They wonder if they“ll ever find a job“. Some of th
32、is recession-induced anxiety will dissipate if a recovery finally begins to generate jobs at what economists consider a normal rate. But the sad fact is that for the foreseeable future, college graduates will be in considerable surplus, enabling employers to require a degree even for jobs for which
33、a college education is really unnecessary. According to Kristina Shelley of the Bureau of Labor Statisticswho bases her estimate on a “moderate projection“ of current trends30 percent of college graduates entering the labor force between now and the year 2005 will be unemployed or will find employme
34、nt in jobs for which they will be overqualified, joining what economists call the “educationally underutilized“. Indeed, it may be quite a whileif everbefore those working temporarily as cocktail waitresses or taxi drivers will be able to pursue their primary career paths. Of course waiting on table
35、s and bustling cab fares are respectable ways to earn a living. But they are not quite what so many young Americansand their parentshad in mind as the end product of four expensive years in college.（分数：10.00）(1).The author tries to convince us that_.（分数：2.00）A.the purely economic rationale for colle
36、ge is not as compelling as it once wasB.college education paves the way for future successC.a college diploma is the prerequisite credential for better jobsD.higher education faces an unforeseeable future(2).According to the passage, which of the following is true“?（分数：2.00）A.A college diploma used
37、to be the privilege of the rich.B.A college diploma helps one to realize his American dream.C.College graduates can easily get permanent positions.D.College graduates are optimistic about their career in the future.(3).What does the sentence “the college experience has gone from a rite passage to a
38、right of passage“ mean?（分数：2.00）A.Going to college is necessary.B.Going to college has become ordinary.C.Going to college is a civil right.D.Going to college is expensive.(4).The numbers in the first paragraph are cited to show that now_.（分数：2.00）A.college graduates are surplusB.college diplomas are
39、 necessary to go upward in the societyC.college diplomas are requisite credentials for getting good jobsD.more and more young people in the U.S. go to college(5).According to the passage, what muses educationally underutilizing?（分数：2.00）A.College graduates are more than the society needs.B.The payme
40、nt to blue-collar workers is much higher than that of white-collar employees.C.It is fashionable to be waitresses or taxi drivers.D.People respect those who once did physical work.If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource managem
41、ent is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hiredrented at the lowest possible costmuch as one buys raw materials or equipment.
42、The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of corporate hierarchy.
43、 The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is centralusually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm“s hierarchy.
44、 While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the
45、limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies. As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies a
46、rrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and runni
47、ng at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top
48、 half. If the bottom half can“t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following does not apply to the management of human resources in American companies?（分数：2.00）A.They attach more importance to workers than to equipment.B.They will spend time and money training workers.C.They see the gaining of skills as their employees own business.D.They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their ski
