1、考研英语-试卷 231及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth“s atmosphere affect the heat balance of t
2、he Earth by acting as a one-way screen. (1)_ these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concerned, to pass (2)_, they absorb some of the longer-wave length, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth“s surface, radiation that would (3)_ be transmi
3、tted back into space. For the Earth to maintain a constant average temperature, such emissions from the planet must (4)_ incoming solar radiation. If there were no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would (5)_ from the Earth much more easily. Today, (6)_, the potential problem is too much carbon
4、 dioxide. Could the increase in carbon dioxide (7)_ a global rise in average temperature, and could such a rise have serious (8)_ for human society? Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a function of the increase (9)_ that the (10)_ is probably yes. One mathemati
5、cal model (11)_ that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5. This model assumes that the atmosphere“s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases with altitude at a (12)_ of 6.5 per kilometer. The assumption of constant rel
6、ative humidity is important, because water vapor in the atmosphere is another (13)_ absorber or radiation at infrared wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more (14)_ than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant (15)_ the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases (16)_ the temperat
7、ure rises. (17)_, more infrared radiation would be absorbed and reradiated (18)_ to the Earth“s surface. The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice, (19)_ the Earth“s reflectivity. More solar radiation would be absorbed, (20)_ to a further increase in temperature.（分数
8、：40.00）A.WhereasB.IfC.AlthoughD.BecauseA.forB.downC.byD.throughA.otherwiseB.neverthelessC.indeedD.somewhatA.assignB.equalizeC.diffuseD.prepareA.avoidB.escapeC.influenceD.preventA.indeedB.henceC.anywayD.howeverA.causeB.turnC.makeD.leaveA.conquestB.outcomeC.consequenceD.compromiseA.reflectB.displayC.m
9、arkD.indicateA.responseB.answerC.reactionD.solutionA.discoversB.predictsC.provesD.confirmsA.paceB.speedC.ratioD.rateA.competentB.effectiveC.efficientD.sufficientA.moistureB.weightC.dimensionD.compoundA.if onlyB.as ifC.only ifD.even ifA.sinceB.unlessC.forD.asA.LikewiseB.ThereforeC.InsteadD.MoreoverA.
10、backB.offC.onD.inA.contractingB.condensingC.reducingD.intensifyingA.leadingB.comingC.amountingD.adding二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._The histor
11、y of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (14441510) suggests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticelli“s work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the
12、 history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor of his fellows Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when anti-academic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predecessors, Botticelli“s w
13、ork remained outside of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs. (Many of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure churches and private homes). The primary reason for Botticelli“s unpopularity is not difficult to understand: most observers, up until th
14、e mid-nineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most part, did not seem to these observers to exhibit the traditional characteristics of fifteenth-century Florentine art. For example, Botticelli rarely employed the technique of strict perspective and, unlik
15、e Michelangelo, never used chiaroscuro. Another reason for Botticelli“s unpopularity may have been that his attitude toward the style of classical art was very different from that of his contemporaries. Although he was thoroughly exposed to classical art, he showed little interest in borrowing from
16、the classical style. Indeed, it is paradoxical that a painter of large-scale classical subjects adopted a style that was only slightly similar to that of classical art. In any ease, when viewers began to examine more closely the relationship of Botticelli“s work to the tradition of fifteenth-century
17、 Florentine art, his reputation began to grow. Analyses and assessments of Botticelli made between 1850 and 1870 by the artists of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as by the writer Pater (although he, unfortunately, based his assessment on an incorrect analysis of Botticelli“s personality), insp
18、ired a new appreciation of Botticelli throughout the English-speaking world. Yet Botticelli“s work, especially the Sistine frescoes, did not generate worldwide attention until it was finally subjected to a comprehensive and scrupulous analysis by Home in 1908. Home rightly demonstrated that the fres
19、coes shared important features with paintings by other fifteenth-century Florentinesfeatures such as skillful representation of anatomical proportions, and of the human figure in motion. However, Home argued that Botticelli did not treat these qualities as ends in themselvesrather, that he emphasize
20、d clear depletion of a story, a unique achievement and one that made the traditional Florentine qualities less central. Because of Home“s emphasis crucial to any study of art, the twentieth century has come to appreciate Botticelli“s achievements.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following would be the bes
21、t title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.The Role of Standard Art Analyses and Appraisals.B.Sandro Botticelli: From Rejection to Appreciation.C.Causes for Botticelli“s Rejection in Earlier Times.D.Botticelli and Florentine: A Comparative Study.(2).We can learn from the text that art critics have a history of
22、（分数：2.00）A.suppressing painters“ art initiatives.B.favoring a Botticelli“s best paintings.C.rejecting traditional art characteristics.D.undervaluing Botticelli“s achievements.(3).The views of Vasari and Home on Botticelli“s products are（分数：2.00）A.identical.B.complementary.C.opposite.D.similar.(4).Th
23、e word “connoisseurs“ (Paragraph 1) most probably means（分数：2.00）A.representatives in the Pre-Raphaelite Movement.B.people who are in favor of Florentine.C.critics who are likely to make assessments.D.conservatives clinging to classical art.(5).What does the author think of Botticelli“s representatio
24、n skills?（分数：2.00）A.They are to be fully appreciated.B.They evolve from an uncertain source.C.They underlie his personality.D.They conform to the classical style.What would happen to the U.S. economy if all its commercial banks suddenly closed their doors? Throughout most of American history, the an
25、swer would have been a disaster of epic proportions, akin to the Depression wrought by the chain-reaction bank failures in the early 1930s. But in 1993 the startling answer is that a shutdown by banks might be far from cataclysmic. Consider this: though the economic recovery is now 27 months old, no
26、t a single net new dollar has been lent to business by banks in all that time. Last week the Federal Reserve reported that the amount of loans the nation“s largest banks have made to businesses fell an additional $2.4 billion in the week ending June 9, to $274.8 billion. Fearful that the scarcity of
27、 bank credit might sabotage the fragile economy, the White House and federal agencies are working feverishly to encourage banks to open their lending windows. In the past two weeks, government regulators have introduced steps to make it easier for banks to lend. Is the government“s concern fully jus
28、tified? Who really needs banks these days? Hardly anyone, it turns out. While banks once dominated business lending, today nearly 80% of all such loans come from non-bank lenders like life insurers, brokerage firms and finance companies. Banks used to be the only source of money in town. Now busines
29、ses and individuals can write checks on their insurance companies, get a loan from a pension fund, and deposit paychecks in a money-market account with a brokerage firm. “It is possible for banks to die and still have a vibrant economy“, says Edward Furash, a Washington bank consultant. The irony is
30、 that the accelerating slide into irrelevance comes just as the banks racked up record profits of $43 billion over the past 15 months, creating the illusion that the industry is staging a comeback. But that income was not the result of smart lending decisions. Instead of earning money by financing A
31、merica“s recovery, the banks mainly invested their fundson which they were paying a bargain-basement 2% or soin risk-free Treasury bonds that yielded 7%. That left bank officers with little to do except put their feet on their desks and watch the interest roll in. Those profits may have come at a pr
32、ice. Not only did bankers lose many loyal customers by withholding credit, they also inadvertently opened the door to a herd of non-bank competitors, who stampeded into the lending market. “The banking industry didn“t see this threat“, says Furash. “They are being fat, dumb and happy. They didn“t re
33、alize that banking is essential to a modern economy, but banks are not“.（分数：10.00）(1).In the eyes of the writer, bank failures in the early 1930s（分数：2.00）A.brought about an economic crisis.B.destroyed the whole U.S economy.C.contributed to economic recovery.D.exerted no influence on economy.(2).What
34、 is the attitude of the government towards the current situation in which commercial banks are caught?（分数：2.00）A.Indignant.B.Ironical.C.Apprehensive.D.Skeptical.(3).The role of commercial banks are being dramatically marginalized because（分数：2.00）A.the government no longer gave support to banking ind
35、ustries.B.bank officers were misled be unwise loaning strategies.C.insurance companies have taken over part of the business.D.outside competitors invaded the business aggressively.(4).According to the text, what surprises the writer is that commercial banks fail to（分数：2.00）A.see its role in a modern
36、 economy.B.perceive the danger involved.C.appreciate their hard earned profits.D.realize the value of customers.(5).Which of the following may be the best title for this text?（分数：2.00）A.Banks on the Cliff.B.Banks in Ruins.C.Banks in Conflict.D.Banks at Ease.If good intentions and good ideas were all
37、 it took to save the deteriorating atmosphere, the planet“s fragile layer of air would be as good as fixed. The two great dangers threatening the blanket of gases that nurtures and protects life on earthglobal warming and the thinning ozone layerhave been identified. Better yet, scientists and polic
38、ymakers have come up with effective though expensive countermeasures. But that doesn“t mean these problems are anywhere close to being solved. The stratospheric ozone layer, for example, is still getting thinner, despite the 1987 international agreement known as the Montreal Protocol, which calls fo
39、r a phaseout of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting chemicals by the year 2006. CFCsfirst fingered as dangerous in the 1970s by Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina, two of this year“s Nobelprizewinning chemistshave been widely used for refrigeration and other purposes. If uncontrolled
40、, the CFC assault on the ozone layer could increase the amount of hazardous solar ultraviolet light that reaches the earth“s surface, which would, among other things, damage crops and cause cancer in humans. Thanks to a sense of urgency triggered by the 1985 detection of what has turned out to be an
41、 annual “hole“ in the especially vulnerable ozone over Antarctica, the Montreal accords have spurred industry to replace CFCs with safer substances. Yet the CFCs already in the air are still doing their dirty work. The Antarctic ozone hole is more severe this year than ever before, and ozone levels
42、over temperate regions are dipping as well. If the CFC phaseout proceeds on schedule, the atmosphere should start repairing itself by the year 2000, say scientists. Nonetheless, observes British Antarctic Survey meteorologist Jonathan Shanklin: “It will be the middle of the next century before thing
43、s are back to where they were in the 1970s“. Developing countries were given more time to comply with the Montreal Protocol and were promised that they would receive $250 million from richer nations to pay for the CFC phaseout. At the moment, though, only 60% of those funds has been forthcoming. Say
44、s Nelson Sabogal of the U.N. Environment Program: “If developed countries don“t come up with the money, the ozone layer will not recuperate. This is a crucial time“. It is also a critical time for warding off potentially catastrophic climate change. Waste gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and th
45、e same CFCs that wreck the ozone layer all tend to trap sunlight and warm the earth. The predicted results: an eventual melting of polar ice caps, rises in sea levels and shifts in climate patterns.（分数：10.00）(1).The author asserts that remedying the earth atmosphere will depend upon other measures t
46、han（分数：2.00）A.quick responses.B.energy efficiency.C.great initiatives.D.scientific analysis.(2).In the eyes of the writer, the worsening atmosphere is something（分数：2.00）A.the world must safeguard promptly.B.that calls for costly measures.C.rich countries are responsible for.D.that is close to being
47、saved.(3).The word “recuperate“ (Para. 5) most probably means（分数：2.00）A.get over.B.pull through.C.turn up.D.come around.(4).According to the text, what encourages the writer is that（分数：2.00）A.rich countries fail to come up with money.B.chemicals are brought under control.C.industries have turned to
48、safer substances.D.threatening dangers have been noticed.(5).Towards the solution to the worsening problem the writer seems to be（分数：2.00）A.assured.B.slack.C.detached.D.active.The Republican Party has lost its mind. To win elections, a party needs votes, obviously, and constituencies. First, however, it needs ideas. In 199495, the Republican Party had after long struggle advanced a coherent, compelling set of political ideas expressed in a specific legislative agenda. The political story of 1996 is that this same party, within the spa
