1、考研英语 142 及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)At every stage of development, clothes can help establish a persons identity for himself and for those with whom he interacts. The childhood game of “dressing up“ in parents 1 provides the opportunity for the child to 2 the roles he
2、 will be 3 to play in adult life. The degree 4 which a person chooses clothes that 5 the roles will affect his performance in those roles. Clothes are an important factor in developing 6 of self-confidence and self-respect, 7 when you look good, you feel good. For most people, clothes are often a so
3、urce of 8 reaction from others, since in our culture we are more 9 to compliment a person on his 10 than on other 11 of the “self“ Most Americans also 12 that a proper appearance and proper dress are the keys 13 association with the right crowd, which 14 opens the doors to job advancement, increased
4、 income, and greater prestige. Our clothing needs are 15 by a multitude of circumstances, because buying motives are 16 simple. The first step in the decision-making process is to make a 17 ordering of the things that are important to us. If a person recognizes and 18 the priorities of his values e.
5、 g. , that his status and prestige may be more important than his physical comforthis 19 of clothing is not only simplified, but more likely to 20 him greater satisfaction. （分数：1.00）(1).At every stage of development, clothes can help establish a persons identity for himself and for those with whom h
6、e interacts. The childhood game of “dressing up“ in parents 1 provides the opportunity for the child to 2 the roles he will be 3 to play in adult life. The degree 4 which a person chooses clothes that 5 the roles will affect his performance in those roles. Clothes are an important factor in developi
7、ng 6 of self-confidence and self-respect, 7 when you look good, you feel good. For most people, clothes are often a source of 8 reaction from others, since in our culture we are more 9 to compliment a person on his 10 than on other 11 of the “self“ Most Americans also 12 that a proper appearance and
8、 proper dress are the keys 13 association with the right crowd, which 14 opens the doors to job advancement, increased income, and greater prestige. Our clothing needs are 15 by a multitude of circumstances, because buying motives are 16 simple. The first step in the decision-making process is to ma
9、ke a 17 ordering of the things that are important to us. If a person recognizes and 18 the priorities of his values e. g. , that his status and prestige may be more important than his physical comforthis 19 of clothing is not only simplified, but more likely to 20 him greater satisfaction. （分数：0.05）
10、A.skirtsB.fashionsC.patternsD.clothesA.practiceB.attemptC.performD.rehearseA.meetB.hitC.fitD.playA.feelingsB.motivesC.passionsD.moodsA.thereofB.howeverC.untilD.sinceA.negativeB.positiveC.criticalD.directA.ableB.easyC.aptD.fairA.appearanceB.behaviorC.mannersD.flavorsA.thingsB.aspectsC.partsD.pointsA.
11、confirmB.assumeC.disputeD.recognizeA.forB.ofC.toD.inA.in turnB.in effectC.in stepD.in resultA.engagedB.compelledC.expectedD.promptedA.orientedB.influencedC.designedD.formattedA.fairlyB.ratherC.quiteD.seldomA.consciousB.ambitiousC.conspicuousD.generousA.adaptsB.ascendsC.assuresD.acceptsA.senseB.taste
12、C.choiceD.attitudeA.createB.bringC.forgeD.pledgeA.byB.toC.inD.with二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1. 1) describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and 2) point out its implications in our life. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) 1) describe the set of dr
13、awings, interpret its meaning, and 2) point out its implications in our life. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened
14、 concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. Suppor
15、ters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such
16、 as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“ captive“ shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they
17、 do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. Railroads
18、justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remainin
19、g customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who l
20、oses in the marketplace?“ asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers. Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover
21、 the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail s net railway operating i
22、ncome in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market. （分数：1.00）(1) According to those who support mergers, ra
23、ilway monopoly is unlikely because（分数：0.20）A.cost reduction is based on competition.B.services call for cross-trade coordination.C.outside competitors will continue to exist.D.shippers will have the railway by the throat.(2). What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the ra
24、il industry?（分数：0.20）A.Indifferent.B.Supportive.C.Indignant.D.Apprehensive.(3). It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that（分数：0.20）A.shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.B.there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.C.overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate r
25、elief.D.a government board ensures fair play in railway business.(4). The word“ arbiters“ ( line 6, paragraph 4 ) most probably refers to those（分数：0.20）A.who work as coordinators.B.who function as judges.C.who supervise transactions.D.who determine the price.(5) According to the text, the cost incre
26、ase in the rail industry is mainly caused by（分数：0.20）A.the continuing acquisition.B.the growing traffic.C.the cheering Wall Street.D.the shrinking market.Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as“ steering the economy to a soft landing“ or“ a touch on the brakes“, makes it sound
27、 Like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a b
28、lackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel. Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, befo
29、re rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s. It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that Americas infla
30、tion rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan, over the past c
31、ouple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America. Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially Americas ,have little prod
32、uctive slack. Americas capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemploymentthe rate below which inflation has taken off in the past. Why has inflation proved so mil
33、d? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation. （分数：1.00）(1). From the passage we learn that _ .（分
34、数：0.25）A.there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest ratesB.economy will always follow certain modelsC.the economic situation is better than expectedD.economists had foreseen the present economic situation(2).According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?（分数：0.25）A.Mak
35、ing monetary policies is comparable to driving a car.B.An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation.C.A high unemployment rate will result from inflation.D.Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.(3). The sentence“ This is no flash in the pan“ ( Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that
36、 _.（分数：0.25）A.the low inflation rate will last for some timeB.the inflation rate will soon riseC.the inflation will disappear quicklyD.there is no inflation at present(4). The passage shows that the author is _ the present situation.（分数：0.25）A.critical ofB.puzzled byC.disappointed atD.amazed atWhen
37、a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment a
38、lthough no one had proposed to do so-and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group-the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)-has been
39、 working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations. NBAC will ask that Clintons 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planni
40、ng to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells-routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private f
41、unding to be used for human cloning. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be“morally unacceptable to attempt to createa human child by adult nuclear cloning“. Shapiro explained during th
42、e meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled. NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone
43、 body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos ( the earliest stage of human offspring be for birth) for research or to be for knowingly endanger an embryos life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members als
44、o indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an a
45、ppeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.“ （分数：1.00）(1).We can learn from the first paragraph that_.（分数：0.25）A.federal funds have been used in a project to clone humansB.the White House responded strongly to the news of cloningC.NBAC was autho
46、rized to control the misuse of cloning techniqueD.the White House has got the panels recommendations on cloning(2).The panel agreed on all of the following except that _.（分数：0.25）A.the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a lawB.the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more c
47、ontrolC.it is criminal to use private funding for human cloningD.it would be against ethical values to clone a human being(3).NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because _.（分数：0.25）A.B.C.D.E.F.G.H.(4).It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_.（分数：0.25）A.some NBAC members
48、hesitate to ban human cloning completelyB.a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no timeC.privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBACs appealD.the issue of human cloning will soon be settledNo one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first
49、duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On
