1、考研英语 156及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Many theies ccerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either the individual society as the maj ctributing influence. Theies -|_|- the individual suggest that children engage in criminal beha
2、vi -|_|-they were not sufficiently penalized f previous misdeeds that they have learned criminal behavi through -|_|-with others. Theies focusing the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in -|_|- to their failure to rise above their socioecomic status, -|_|- as a rejecti of middle-cla
3、ss values. Most theies of juvenile delinquency have focused children from disadvantaged families, -|_|- the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes -|_|- lack of adequate parental ctrol. All theies, however, are tentative and are -|_|- to criticism. Cha
4、nges in the social structure may indirecfiy -|_|- juvenile crime rates. F example, changes in the ecomy that -|_|- to fewer job opptunities f youth and rising unemployment -|_|- make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting disctent may in -|_|- lead me youths into criminal
5、 behavi. Families have also -|_|- changes these years. Me families csist of e-parent households two wking parents; -|_|- , children are likely to have less supervisi at home -|_|- was comm in the traditial family -|_|- This lack of parental supervisi is thought to be an influence juvenile crime rate
6、s. Other -|_|- causes of offensive acts include frustrati failure in school, the increased -|_|- of drugs and alcohol, and the growing -|_|- of child abuse and child neglect. All these cditis tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, -|_|- a direct causal relatiship has
7、not yet been established. （分数：1.00）二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. (1) effect of the countrys growing human population on its wildlife (2) possible reason for the effect (3) your suggestion for wildlife protection (1) effect of the countrys growing human population on its wildlife (2) possible re
8、ason for the effect (3) your suggestion for wildlife protection* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Non-indigenous (non-native) species of plants and animals arrive by way of two general types of pathways. First, species having origins outside the United States may enter the country and becom
9、e established either as free-living populations or under human cultivation-for example, in agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, or as pets. Some cultivated species subsequently escape or are released and also become established as free-living populations. Second, species of either U.S. or foreign
10、 origin and already within the United States may spread to new locales. Pathways of both types include intentional as well as unintentional species transfers. Rates of species movement driven by human transformations of natural environments as well as by human mobility-through commerce, tourism, and
11、 travel-greatly exceed natural rates by comparison. While geographic distributions of species naturally expand or contract over historical time intervals (tens to hundreds of years), species ranges rarely expand thousands of miles or across physical barriers such as oceans or mountains. Habitat modi
12、fication can create conditions favorable to the establishment of non-indigenous species. Soil disturbed in construction and agriculture is open for colonization by non-indigenous weeds, which in turn may provide habitats for the non-indigenous insects that evolved with them. Human-generated changes
13、in fire frequency, grazing intensity, as well as soil stability and nutrient levels similarly facilitate the spread and establishment of non-indigenous plants. When human changes to natural environments span large geographical areas, they effectively create passages for species movement between prev
14、iously isolated locales. The rapid spread of the Russian wheat aphid to fifteen states in just two years following its 1986 arrival has been attributed in part to the prevalence of alternative host plants that are available when wheat is not. Many of these are non- indigenous grasses recommended for
15、 planting on the forty million or more acres enrolled in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Conservation Reserve Program. A number of factors perplex quantitative evaluation of the relative importance of various entry pathways. Time lags often occur between establishment of non-indigenous species an
16、d their detection, and tracing the pathway for a long-established species is difficult. Experts estimate that non-indigenous weeds are usually detected only after having been in the country for thirty years or having spread to at least ten thousand acres. In addition, federal port inspection, althou
17、gh a major source of information on non-indigenous species pathways, especially for agriculture pests, provides data only when such species enter via closely-examined routes. Finally, some comparisons between pathways defy quantitative analysis-for example, which is more “important“: the entry path
18、of one very harmful species or one by which many but less harmful species enter the country? （分数：1.00）(1).Which of the following statements about species movement is best supported by the text?（分数：0.20）A.Human factors affect its rates more than its long-term amount.B.Natural expansions of species ac
19、count for their slow contractions.C.Natural environments created by humans facilitate species movement.D.Long-range species movement relies on the ranges of mans mobility.(2). According to the text, the U.S. Department of Agriculture（分数：0.20）A.is liable for the fast distribution of the Russian wheat
20、 pest.B.failed to isolate the Russian wheat aphid in limited locales.C.provides data about foreign species imported by regulated routes.D.is responsible for introducing harmful plants onto federal lands.(3). Which of the following may best express the chief purpose of the last paragraph.?（分数：0.20）A.
21、To explain the difficulties in tracing the pathways for long-established species.B.To describe the events leading to the detection of non-indigenous species.C.To identify the problems in assessing the weight of entry tracks for foreign species.D.To discuss the role of time lags and geographic expans
22、ion in species detection.(4).It can be inferred that all of the following affect the movement of species EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.earth fertility.B.import restrictions.C.natural obstacles.D.fire disasters.(5).To determine the entry pathway for a non-native species is LEAST likely to depend on（分数：0.20）A.whet
23、her the species is considered to be a pest.B.whether the species enters by a closely-checked route.C.the rate at which the species extends geographically.D.the magnitude of the average number of the species.Modern technology and science have produced a wealth of new materials and new ways of using o
24、ld materials. For the artist this means wider opportunities. There is no doubt that the limitations of materials and nature of tools both restrict and shape a mans work. Observe how the development of plastics and light metals along with new methods of welding has changed the direction of sculpture.
25、 Transparent plastic materials allow one to look through an object, to see its various sides superimposed on each other (as in Cubism or in an X-ray). Today, welding is as prevalent as casting was in the past. This new method encourages open designs, where surrounding and intervening space becomes a
26、s important as form itself. More ambiguous than other scientific inventions familiar to modern artists, but no less influential, are the psychoanalytic studies of Freud and his followers, discoveries that have infiltrated recent art, especially Surrealism (超现实主义). The Surrealists, in their struggle
27、to escape the monotony and frustrations of everyday life, claimed that dreams were the only hope. Turning to the irrational world of their unconscious, they banished all time barriers and moral judgments to combine disconnected dream experiences from the past, present and intervening psychological s
28、tates. The Surrealists were concerned with overlapping emotions more than with overlapping forms. Their paintings often become segmented capsules of associative experiences. For them, obsessive and often unrelated images replaced the direct emotional messages of Expressionism. They did not need to s
29、mash paint and canvas; they went beyond this to smash the whole continuity of logical thought. There is little doubt that contemporary art has taken much from contemporary life. In a period when science has made revolutionary strides, artists in their studios have not been unaware of scientists in t
30、heir laboratories. But this has rarely been a one-way street. Painters and sculptors, though admittedly influenced by modern science, have also molded and changed our world. If break-up has been a vital part of their expression, it has not always been a symbol of destruction. Quite the contrary: it
31、has been used to examine more fully, to penetrate more deeply, to analyze more thoroughly, to enlarge, isolate and make more familiar certain aspects of life that earlier we were apt to neglect. In addition, it sometimes provides rich multiple experiences so organized as not merely to reflect our wo
32、rld, but in fact to interpret it. （分数：1.00）(1).We learn from the text that artistic creations（分数：0.20）A.can be seen as the reflection of the material world.B.seem to be incapable of escaping material advances.C.are said to have made great strides scientifically.D.appear to be the reproductions of mo
33、dern technology.(2). The inventions of new materials and welding techniques（分数：0.20）A.are responsible for most of the changes in sculpture arts.B.enable sculptors to superimpose multiple sides of their designs.C.permit details of an object to be magnified and seen clearly.D.provoke artists to make t
34、hemselves adaptable to the surroundings.(3).The author concludes that（分数：0.20）A.contemporary art has been nourished by modern science.B.the impacts of modern art and science are actually mutual.C.destruction or break-up have been typical of modern art.D.the arts analysis of our world seems deeper th
35、an sciences.(4). The author argues that Freuds studies（分数：0.20）A.are less comprehensible than most scientific inventions.B.are more controversial than any other scientific findings.C.have imposed much interference upon contemporary arts.D.have found their expression in the Surrealisms claims.(5).The
36、 Surrealists made every endeavor（分数：0.20）A.to transform real existence into incoherent dreams.B.to diminish all time barriers and moral judgments.C.to express their disconnected subconscious thoughts.D.to substitute direct expressions for fragmented images.In spite of rising concern in the Northeast
37、 and Canada, Administration spokesmen have repeatedly insisted that nothing could really be done about acid rain and the industry-produced sulfur emissions until all the scientific facts were in. Suddenly last week, however, facts came raining down, in effect making further scientific debate on what
38、 mainly causes the problem all but irrelevant. What brought about the downpour was a study commissioned by Presidential Science Adviser. The spokesmen plainly called for remedial action even if some technical questions about acid rain were still unanswered. “If we take the conservative point of view
39、 that we must wait until the scientific knowledge is definitive,“ said the spokesman, “the accumulated deposition and damaged environment may reach the point of irreversibility.“ When it rains, it pours. Next came a study from the National Research Council. Its definitive conclusion: reducing emissi
40、ons of sulfur dioxide from coal-burning power plants and factories, such as these in the Midwest, would in fact significantly reduce the acidity in rain, snow and other precipitation(降水) that is widely believed to be worsening the life from fresh-water lakes and forests in the Northeast and Canada.
41、The spokesman did not recommend any specific action. A pair of remedial measures are already taken before Congress. A Senate committee recently approved a bill that would require reduction over the next decade of sulfur-dioxide emissions by 10 million tons in the States bordering on the east of the
42、Mississippi. A tougher measure was introduced in the House ordering the 50 largest sulfur polluters in the U. S. to cut emissions substantially. To ease the Eastern coal mining industry, which fears a switch to low-sulfur Western coal, the bill requires the installation of expensive “scrubbers“, dev
43、ices for removing sulfur from the smoke, rather than an order that forbids high-sulfur fuel. Still, the legislation is being vigorously opposed by the coal industry and utilities, especially in the Mid-west, where heavy industries are battling to survive. In a survey also released last week, the Edi
44、son Electric Institute , an industry group, gravely predicted that electricity rates could rise as much as 50% if the emission-control legislation passed. Government studies dispute these figures, but Congress has been suspended on acid-rain measures. Now, as a result of the academy study, supporter
45、s of the bills are more optimistic. Nevertheless, a major political battle is shaping up. （分数：1.00）(1).The first paragraph shows that（分数：0.20）A.the Administration has ignored the public anxiety about acid rain.B.the industrial sulfur emissions need further scientific verificationC.the spokesmen have
46、 denied the presence of proofs of acid rain.D.scientific evidence has made the cause of acid rain undebatable.(2). The word “downpour“ in the second paragraph most likely refers to（分数：0.20）A.a heavy fall of acid rain.B.a sudden thunderstorm.C.a series of criticism.D.a succession of evidence.(3).This
47、 article most probably appeared in（分数：0.20）A.a government document.B.a news magazine.C.a scientific research paper.D.a textbook of environmental science.(4). The two studies mentioned in the text clearly stated that（分数：0.20）A.there is no time to lose in pollution control.B.the scientific explanation
48、 of acid rain remains unclear.C.environmental restoration defies scientific endeavors.D.factories should be banned from burning coal.(5).From the description of the efforts in the House, we can see that（分数：0.20）A.the members of the House really speak for the general public.B.the Congressmen are tough to the sulfur polluters in the U. S.C.the statesmen try to please the public without enraging the bosses.D.the politicians worry about the effect of emission-contro
