1、考研英语 252 及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)There is nothing illogical or synthetic about the humility ( modesty ) of great bookmen in calling attention to the limitations of the book. No book can 1 us to know everything that is to be known, or feel everything that is to be f
2、elt. A book is part of life, not a substitute 2 it. It is not a fit 3 for worship or enshrinement. It loses its charm and much of its value when accepted 4 No one would have been more 5 than Aristotle if he could have known of the excessive and 6 veneration that would be given to his ideas in centur
3、ies to 7 . When his works became the 8 words of advance knowledge, 9 knowledge became neither advanced nor vital. The particular occasion for these remarks is that there are 10 here and there that some of us in the book world may be 11 ourselves too seriously. In the effort to increase book reading
4、some 12 things are being said about books. It is made to 13 that nothing is happening now that has not happened before, and that the only true approach to understanding is 14 books. We do neither service nor justice to books by 15 upon them such omnipotence and omniscience. Many of the answers we ne
5、ed today are not necessarily to be found between 16 There are elements of newness in the present 17 of man that will not readily be 18 of by required reading or ready reference. Books are not slide rules or blueprints for 19 automatic answers. What is needed is a mighty blend of the wisdom of the ag
6、es 20 fresh, razor-edged analytical thought. （分数：1.00）(1).There is nothing illogical or synthetic about the humility ( modesty ) of great bookmen in calling attention to the limitations of the book. No book can 1 us to know everything that is to be known, or feel everything that is to be felt. A boo
7、k is part of life, not a substitute 2 it. It is not a fit 3 for worship or enshrinement. It loses its charm and much of its value when accepted 4 No one would have been more 5 than Aristotle if he could have known of the excessive and 6 veneration that would be given to his ideas in centuries to 7 .
8、 When his works became the 8 words of advance knowledge, 9 knowledge became neither advanced nor vital. The particular occasion for these remarks is that there are 10 here and there that some of us in the book world may be 11 ourselves too seriously. In the effort to increase book reading some 12 th
9、ings are being said about books. It is made to 13 that nothing is happening now that has not happened before, and that the only true approach to understanding is 14 books. We do neither service nor justice to books by 15 upon them such omnipotence and omniscience. Many of the answers we need today a
10、re not necessarily to be found between 16 There are elements of newness in the present 17 of man that will not readily be 18 of by required reading or ready reference. Books are not slide rules or blueprints for 19 automatic answers. What is needed is a mighty blend of the wisdom of the ages 20 fres
11、h, razor-edged analytical thought. （分数：0.05）A.informB.promiseC.enableD.assureA.ofB.forC.toD.withA.disturbedB.disguisedC.intervenedD.interruptedA.dreadfulB.respectfulC.harmfulD.faithfulA.goB.comeC.passD.emergA.bigB.endC.lateD.lastA.suchB.muchC.mostD.thisA.symbolsB.signsC.marksD.trailsA.confiningB.dem
12、andingC.takingD.pushingA.extraordinaryB.exceptionalC.excessiveD.extravagantA.showB.appearC.proveD.indicateA.throughB.withC.amongD.fromA.subjectB.issueC.matterD.mageA.focusB.conferringC.imposingD.installingA.pagesB.coversC.linesD.wordsA.positionB.situationC.statusD.dilemmaA.disposedB.discernedC.disch
13、argedD.dispersedA.polishingB.regulatingC.furnishingD.forwardingA.fromB.withC.overD.forA.unreasonablyB.unprofitablyC.unwillinglyD.uncritically二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1.Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its implic
14、ations in life, and 3) support your view with examples. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its implications in life, and 3) support your view wit
15、h examples. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) *（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking
16、, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as“ all too human“, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been
17、 published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to p
18、ay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services“ than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange
19、 pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much pref
20、erable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher
21、or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emo
22、tions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous ndignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings
23、abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. （分数：1.00）(1).In the opening paragraph,
24、the author introduces his topic by（分数：0.20）A.posing a contrast.B.justifying an assumption.C.making a comparison.D.explaining a phenomenon.(2).The statement “it is all too monkey“ (Last line, Paragraph 1 ) implies that（分数：0.20）A.monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.B.resenting unfairness is also
25、 monkeys nature.C.monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.D.no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.(3).Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are（分数：0.20）A.more inclined to weigh what they get.B.attentive to researchers instruc
26、tions.C.nice in both appearance and temperament.D.more generous than their male companions.(4). Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys（分数：0.20）A.prefer grapes to cucumbers.B.can be taught to exchange things.C.will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.D.ar
27、e unhappy when separated from others.(5).What can we infer from the last paragraph?（分数：0.20）A.Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B.Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C.Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D.Cooperation among monkeys remains stable on
28、ly in the wild.Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have
29、 yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modem world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot a
30、ssembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems th
31、at can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able
32、to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,“ says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can t yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.“ Indeed
33、the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to
34、extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the
35、error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single s
36、uspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it. （分数：1.00）(1). Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, bo
37、ring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modem world is increasingly
38、 populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our sub
39、way trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians c
40、an achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a speci
41、fic error,“ says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can t yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.“ Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970
42、s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain s roughly
43、one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly
44、changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists s
45、till dont know quite how we do it. （分数：0.20）_There will be a steady trend toward vegetarianism. A given quantity of ground can provide plant food for man or it can provide plant food for animals which are later killed for meat. In converting the tissues of food into the tissues of the feeder, up to
46、90 per cent is used for reasons other than tissue maintenance and growth. This means that one hundred pounds of plant food will support ten pounds of human tissuewhile one hundred pounds of plant food will support ten pounds of animal tissue, which will then support one pound of human tissue. In oth
47、er words, land devoted to plant food will support ten times as many human beings as land devoted to animal food. It is this (far more than food preferences or religious directions ) that forces overcrowded populations into vegetarianism. And it will be the direction in which the United States of 2001 will be movingnot by presidential order, but through the force of a steady rise in meat prices as compared with other kinds of food. This, in turn, will come about because our herds will decrease as the food demand causes more and more meadow to be turned to farmland, and as land producing corn
