1、考研英语 259 及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)News reports often focus on disputes among scientists over the validity of preliminary (untested) data, hypotheses, and models (which by definition are tentative). This aspect of science- 1 because it has not been widely 2 and accep
2、ted-is called frontier science. The media 3 to focus on frontier science because its so-called “breakthroughs“ make good news stories. Just because something is in the 4 of frontier science, 5 , does not mean that it isnt worthy of serious consideration; 6 , such matters need further study to determ
3、ine their 7 . 8 contrast, consensus science consists of data, models, theories, and laws that are widely accepted. This aspect of science is very reliable but is 9 considered newsworthy. The trouble is that the word science is used to 10 both frontier and consensus science, without 11 The media pref
4、erence 12 frontier science gives the public the 13 impression that frontier science 14 very certain conclusions, which may or may not be correct. However, 15 some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable, members of the public often falsely 16 that consensus science is also quite uncertain.
5、We need to take both frontier and consensus science 17 but recognize their differences. One way to find out what scientists generally agree 18 is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to 19 consensus in 20 areas of science and technology. （分数：1.00）(1).News reports often focus on disp
6、utes among scientists over the validity of preliminary (untested) data, hypotheses, and models (which by definition are tentative). This aspect of science- 1 because it has not been widely 2 and accepted-is called frontier science. The media 3 to focus on frontier science because its so-called “brea
7、kthroughs“ make good news stories. Just because something is in the 4 of frontier science, 5 , does not mean that it isnt worthy of serious consideration; 6 , such matters need further study to determine their 7 . 8 contrast, consensus science consists of data, models, theories, and laws that are wi
8、dely accepted. This aspect of science is very reliable but is 9 considered newsworthy. The trouble is that the word science is used to 10 both frontier and consensus science, without 11 The media preference 12 frontier science gives the public the 13 impression that frontier science 14 very certain
9、conclusions, which may or may not be correct. However, 15 some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable, members of the public often falsely 16 that consensus science is also quite uncertain. We need to take both frontier and consensus science 17 but recognize their differences. One way to f
10、ind out what scientists generally agree 18 is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to 19 consensus in 20 areas of science and technology. （分数：0.05）A.controversialB.suspiciousC.debatableD.untrustworthyA.checkedB.testedC.approvedD.confirmedA.therebyB.howeverC.moreoverD.notwithstanding
11、A.ratherB.otherwiseC.anywayD.thereforeA.integrityB.availabilityC.reliabilityD.stabilityA.ByB.ToC.OnD.InA.merelyB.oddlyC.fairlyD.rarelyA.referB.indicateC.modifyD.describeA.discriminationB.distinctionC.exceptionD.presumptionA.toB.onC.forD.withA.fancyB.falseC.vividD.virtualA.presentsB.reachesC.provides
12、D.grantsA.preferB.temptC.intendD.tendA.untilB.unlessC.whenD.whileA.imagineB.concludeC.predictD.perceiveA.identicallyB.uniformlyC.cautiouslyD.seriouslyA.onB.toC.withD.inA.summarizeB.systematizeC.recognizeD.revitalizeA.latentB.intactC.oddD.keyA.hedgeB.circleC.realmD.scope二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.0
13、0)1.Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its implications in life, and 3) support your view with examples. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following picture carefully an
14、d write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its implications in life, and 3) support your view with examples. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) *（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)The immune system is equal in complexity
15、to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communications network consisting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like cl
16、ouds of bees swarming around a hive. The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate, effective and self-limiting. At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and non-self. When immune defenders enc
17、ounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or non-self molecules, the immune troops move quickly to eliminate the invaders. Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The bodys immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self marker. Rather, imm
18、une cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a non-self molecule, the system has the ability to remember the specifics of the foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules, the imm
19、une system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies passed during lactation ( 哺乳期 ), this so-called immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your immune system must learn from experience with the many millions of distinctive non-se
20、lf molecules in the sea of microbes in which we live. Learning necessitates producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each non-self invader. Any substance capable of stimulating an immune response is called an antigen. Tissues or cells from another individual (exc
21、ept an identical twin, whose cells carry identical self-markers ) act as antigens; because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary, non-an
22、tigenic building blocks. An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes( 抗原决定基), which stick out from its surface. Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface, some may even carry several
23、hundred. Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response. Only in abnormal situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as non-self and execute a misdirected immune attack. The result can be so-called autoimmune disease. The painful side effects of these
24、 diseases are caused by a persons immune system actually attacking itself （分数：1.00）(1).We know from the text that the immune system（分数：0.20）A.is no less complicated than the nervous system.B.far exceeds the human brain in intricacy.C.is surrounded by numerous sensitive cells.D.results in an effectiv
25、e communications network.(2).The principal task of the immune system is to（分数：0.20）A.recognize and reject all alien molecules that enter the body.B.remove all the substances that invade the body organisms.C.defend the body from attacks of different viruses or bacteria.D.identify and specify all non-
26、self molecules it encounters.(3).The main idea of the text may be generalized as（分数：0.20）A.the ability of the immune system to distinguish foreign molecules.B.the normal and abnormal activities of the immune system in the body.C.the unfavorable effects of the immune system on organ transplantation.D
27、.the essential duties of the immune system in the defence of the body.(4).The remembering power of a persons immune system is（分数：0.20）A.mostly descended from his/her ancestors.B.partially passed down from his/her mother.C.mainly acquired through fighting foreign cells.D.basically generated by commun
28、ications network.(5).A tissue transplanted from father to daughter would be less acceptable than that transplanted between twins because（分数：0.20）A.the ages of the twins tissues are exactly alike.B.the twins tissues bear the same self-markers.C.the father and daughter are different in sex.D.the twins
29、 molecules possess identical memory.Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places fo
30、r centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didnt they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answer
31、ed the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets. How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready
32、for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you dont have unpredictable things, you dont have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. In talkin
33、g to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method“ a substitute for imaginative thought. Ive attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. T
34、he scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said“ the data are still inconclusive.“ “We know that,“ the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?“ The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to spe
35、culate. What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned
36、 and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly wher
37、e they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear
38、 to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls“ among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers “who work well with the team.“ （分数：1.00）(1).The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that_.（分数：0.25）A.inquiring minds are more important than
39、scientific experimentsB.science advances when fruitful researches are conductedC.scientists seldom forget the essential nature of researchD.unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research(2).The author asserts that scientists _.（分数：0.25）A.shouldnt replace “scientific method“ with
40、 imaginative thoughtB.shouldnt neglect to speculate on unpredictable thingsC.should write more concise reports for technical journalsD.should be confident about their research findings(3).It seems that some young scientists_.（分数：0.25）A.have a keen interest in predictionB.often speculate on the futur
41、eC.think highly of creative thinkingD.stick to “scientific method“(4).The author implies that the results of scientific research_.（分数：0.25）A.may not be as profitable as they are expectedB.can be measured in dollars and centsC.rely on conformity to a standard patternD.are mostly underestimated by man
42、agementIs it possible that the ideas we have today about ownership and property rights have been so universal in the human mind that it is truly as if they had sprung from the mind of God? By no means. The idea of owning and property emerged in the mists of unrecorded history. The ancient Jews, for
43、one, had a very different outlook on property and ownership, viewing it as something much more temporary and tentative than we do. The ideas we have in America about the private ownership of productive property as a natural and universal right of mankind, perhaps of divine origin, are by no means un
44、iversal and must be viewed as an invention of man rather than a decree (order) of God. Of course, we are completely trained to accept the idea of ownership of the earth and its products, raw and transformed. It seems not at all strange; in fact, it is quite difficult to imagine a society without suc
45、h arrangements. If someone, some individual, didnt own that plot of land, that house, that factory, that machine, that tower of wheat, how would we function? What would the rules be? Whom would we buy from and how would we sell? It is important to acknowledge a significant difference between achievi
46、ng ownership simply by taking or claiming property and owning what we tend to call the “fruit of labor“. If I, alone or together with my family, work on the land and raise crops, or if I make something useful out of natural material, it seems reasonable and fair to claim that the crops or the object
47、s belong to me or my family, are my property, at least in the sense that I have first claim on them. Hardly anyone would dispute that. In fact, some of the early radical workingmens movements made (an ownership) claim on those very grounds. As industrial organization became more complex, however, su
48、ch issues became vastly more intricate, It must be clear that in modern society the social heritage of knowledge and technology and the social organization of manufacture and exchange account for far more of the productivity of industry and the value of what is produced than can be accounted for by
49、the labor of any number of individuals. Hardly any person can now point and say, “That-that right there-is the fruit of my labor. “We can say, as a society, as a nation-as a world, really-that what is produced is the fruit of our labor, the product of the whole society as a collectivity. We have to recognize that the right of private individual ownership of property is man-made and constantl
