1、考研英语 26及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Historians are detectives searching out the evidence of the past in their pursuit of history. This is a challenging and frequently engaging quest 1 its own, but evidence must be turned to 2 . Primary sources that are uncovered 3 many
2、forms that vary 4 the questions asked and the period studied, but written records are 5 historians use more than any other. The historian does not 6 evidence in the manner of courts of law, where questions of admissibility and truth versus falsehood are 7 . The historians use of evidence is much mor
3、e 8 Determining how and with what end 9 mind any piece of evidence came into existence are the first tasks 10 the historian in the internal criticism of historical sources. It is important to know, for instance, who 11 a particular census and with what instructions, or 12 a correspondent was address
4、ing a friend or foe, colleague or opponent. For many years historians divided evidence into the two 13 of primary and secondary sources. The former were considered as any 14 or artifact from the period 15 study, the latter as descriptions or reconstructions based on primary sources. The function of
5、the historian, it was 16 , was to convert primary sources into secondary sources. This 17 misleads. What have been called secondary sources am not historical sources at all, but 18 that reveal the historians point of view. All evidence used by the historian was a primary source at the time it was 19
6、 and it is always partial and incomplete. Therein lies part of the 20 of history. （分数：1.00）(1).Historians are detectives searching out the evidence of the past in their pursuit of history. This is a challenging and frequently engaging quest 1 its own, but evidence must be turned to 2 . Primary sourc
7、es that are uncovered 3 many forms that vary 4 the questions asked and the period studied, but written records are 5 historians use more than any other. The historian does not 6 evidence in the manner of courts of law, where questions of admissibility and truth versus falsehood are 7 . The historian
8、s use of evidence is much more 8 Determining how and with what end 9 mind any piece of evidence came into existence are the first tasks 10 the historian in the internal criticism of historical sources. It is important to know, for instance, who 11 a particular census and with what instructions, or 1
9、2 a correspondent was addressing a friend or foe, colleague or opponent. For many years historians divided evidence into the two 13 of primary and secondary sources. The former were considered as any 14 or artifact from the period 15 study, the latter as descriptions or reconstructions based on prim
10、ary sources. The function of the historian, it was 16 , was to convert primary sources into secondary sources. This 17 misleads. What have been called secondary sources am not historical sources at all, but 18 that reveal the historians point of view. All evidence used by the historian was a primary
11、 source at the time it was 19 and it is always partial and incomplete. Therein lies part of the 20 of history. （分数：0.05）A.forB.onC.byD.inA.accountB.functionC.validityD.referenceA.whichB.whatC.thatD.whoA.assessB.assignC.justifyD.testifyA.prominentB.predominantC.prevalentD.proficientA.smartB.briskC.su
12、btleD.accurateA.ofB.inC.atD.onA.fascinatingB.facilitatingC.frontingD.facingA.forgedB.initiatedC.collectedD.conductedA.whyB.howC.whenD.whetherA.categoriesB.catalogsC.classicsD.criteriaA.fileB.eventC.recordD.documentA.presentB.undertakeC.presumeD.assumeA.duringB.underC.uponD.beforeA.maintainedB.confir
13、medC.emphasizedD.adheredA.diversionB.distributionC.distortionD.distinctionA.interventionsB.interpretationsC.presentationsD.comprehensionsA.exposedB.uncoveredC.generatedD.createdA.fascinationB.contradictionC.imperfectionD.implicationA.intoB.fromC.withD.about二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1.Study the
14、 following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its implications in life, and 3) support your view with examples. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following picture carefully and write an es
15、say in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its implications in life, and 3) support your view with examples. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) *（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Personality is to a large extent inherentA-type parent
16、s usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children. One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very na
17、ture, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs“ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A t
18、ypes seem in some way better than their B type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!“ By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emph
19、asis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful. Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable th
20、at all A youngsters change into Bs. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a childs personality to his possible future employment. It is top management. If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer
21、values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. Bs are important and should be encouraged
22、. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually_.（分数：0.25）A.impatientB.considerateC.aggressiveD.agreeable(2).The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because_.（分数：0.25）A.the pressure is too great on the studentsB.some students are bound to fai
23、lC.failure rates are too highD.the results of examinations are doubtful(3). The selection of medical professionals are currently based on_.（分数：0.25）A.candidates sensitivityB.academic achievementsC.competitive spiritD.surer values(4).From the passage we can draw the conclusion that_.（分数：0.25）A.the pe
24、rsonality of a child is well established at birthB.family influence dominates the shaping of ones characteristicsC.the development of ones personality is due to multiple factorsD.B-type characteristics can find no place in a competitive societyWhat our society suffers from most today is the absence
25、of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be. Such consensus cannot be gained from societys present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the
26、 present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homers epics (史诗) informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies. Most societies derive consensus from a lo
27、ng history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic ( 自我陶醉的 ) personali
28、ty has become characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In his study of narcissism, Christopher Lasch says that modern m
29、an, “tortured by self- consciousness, turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for.“ There is widespread distress because national morale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision an
30、d purpose. Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found in totalitarian ( 极权主义的 ) societies, our culture is one of great individual differences, at least in principle and in theory. But this leads to disunity, even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity, but just becaus
31、e ours is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a mytha visionabout a common experience, a conquest that made us Americans, as the
32、myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idea. Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the individual to
33、other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolation, guilt, anxiety, and purposelessnessin short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values. （分数：1.00）(1).In the authors view, the greatest trouble with the U. S. society lies in the（分数：0.20）A.lack
34、 of serious disagreement over the organizations of social life.B.non-existence of unanimity on the forms the society should take.C.general denying of its conformity with what it was unexpected to be.D.public negation of the consensus on how to conduct social reforms.(2).“Homers epics“ mentioned in P
35、aragraph 1 exemplifies the fact that（分数：0.20）A.the present is varying too fast to be caught up easily.B.the future may be so indefinite as to be unpredictable.C.the past can help to shape a consensus in the present.D.the past determines social moralities for later generations.(3).The author conclude
36、s that only shared myths can help Americans（分数：0.20）A.to bring about the uniformity of their culture.B.to diminish their great individual differences.C.to avoid the sense of being isolated and troubled.D.to regain the feelings of social values and morale.(4). The asocial personality of Americans res
37、ults from（分数：0.20）A.the multiracial constituents of the U. S. society.B.the absence of a common religion and ancestry.C.the want of shared myths they possess in life.D.the obstruction of achieving a general agreement.(5). It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Christopher Lasch is most probably（分数
38、：0.20）A.an earnest nationalist.B.an advanced psychologist.C.a radical reformer.D.a social historian.In a competitive economy, the consumer usually has the choice of several different brands of the same product. Yet underneath their labels, these products are often nearly identical. One manufacturers
39、 toothpaste tends to differ very little from another manufacturers. Two different brands of shampoo may vary only in scent or color. And the tobacco in two different brands of cigarettes frequently comes from the same fields. This close similarity means that a shopper often has little reason to choo
40、se one brand over another. Thus, manufacturers are confronted with a problem-how to keep sales high enough to stay in business. Manufacturers solve this problem by advertising. Through advertising, each manufacturing company tries to convince consumers that its product is special. To do this ,the co
41、mpanies try to appeal to consumers in various ways. In fact, advertisements may be classified into three types according to the kind of appeals they use. One type of advertisement tries to appeal to the consumers reasoning mind. It may offer a claim that seems scientific. For example, it may say tha
42、t dentists recommend Flash toothpaste, or it may declare that Woof dog food contains a special, vitamin-rich ingredient known as K-9, or it may report that laboratory tests show that R. I. P. cigarettes contain fewer harmful ingredients than other brands. In selling a product, the truth of advertisi
43、ng may be less important than the appearance of truth. A scientific approach gives the appearance of truth. Another type of advertisement tries to amuse the potential buyer. Products that are essentially boring, such as cleaning powder or insecticide, are often advertised in an amusing manner. One w
44、ay of doing this is to make the products appear alive. The advertiser may draw little cartoon eyes, arms, and legs on the cans of cleaning powder and have the resulting figures scrub the sink. Ads of this sort are silly, but advertisers believe that consumers are likely to remember and buy the produ
45、cts that the consumers associate with fun. Associating the product with something pleasant is the technique of the third type of appeal. In this class are ads that suggest that the product will satisfy some basic human desires. One such desire is the wish to be admired by other people. Many automobi
46、le advertisements are in this category. They imply that other people will admire you-may even be jealous-when they see you driving the hot, new Aardvark car. This kind of appeal is sometimes strengthened by hiring a famous person to endorse the product. Seeing the famous person, the consumer is supp
47、osed to reason thus: Everyone admires Judson Smith the great football star. Judson Smith used Buckworthy Bank travelers checks. Therefore, if I use Buckworthy Bank travelers checks, everyone will admire me too. Some other basic desires that ads commonly try to appeal to are the desires for social ac
48、ceptance ,financial security, and so on. One only needs to look through a magazine or watch an hour of TV in order to see examples of these three different advertising strategies. （分数：1.00）(1).Manufacturers take to advertising primarily（分数：0.20）A.to provide dependable information about their goods.B
49、.to demonstrate distinctive features of their products.C.to create a superior brand to other brands.D.to enhance marketability of their products.(2). The scientific approach of advertising appeal is（分数：0.20）A.to recommend products scientifically superior to others.B.to make scientific statements to attract potential buyers.C.to impress consumers with scientific truth about th
