1、考研英语 270 及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Many theies ccerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either the individual society as the maj ctributing influence. Theies -|_|- the individual suggest that children engage in criminal beh
2、avi -|_|-they were not sufficiently penalized f previous misdeeds that they have learned criminal behavi through -|_|-with others. Theies focusing the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in -|_|- to their failure to rise above their socioecomic status, -|_|- as a rejecti of middle-cl
3、ass values. Most theies of juvenile delinquency have focused children from disadvantaged families, -|_|- the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes -|_|- lack of adequate parental ctrol. All theies, however, are tentative and are -|_|- to criticism. Ch
4、anges in the social structure may indirecfiy -|_|- juvenile crime rates. F example, changes in the ecomy that -|_|- to fewer job opptunities f youth and rising unemployment -|_|- make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting disctent may in -|_|- lead me youths into crimina
5、l behavi. Families have also -|_|- changes these years. Me families csist of e-parent households two wking parents; -|_|- , children are likely to have less supervisi at home -|_|- was comm in the traditial family -|_|- This lack of parental supervisi is thought to be an influence juvenile crime rat
6、es. Other -|_|- causes of offensive acts include frustrati failure in school, the increased -|_|- of drugs and alcohol, and the growing -|_|- of child abuse and child neglect. All these cditis tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, -|_|- a direct causal relatiship has
7、 not yet been established. （分数：1.00）二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2 Study the following chart carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) analyze the chart, 2) interpret its meaning, and 3) suggest possible measures to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (2
8、0 points) . Study the following chart carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) analyze the chart, 2) interpret its meaning, and 3) suggest possible measures to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)To avo
9、id the various foolish opinions to which mankind is liable, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all errors, but from silly errors. If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake
10、 of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you dont is a fatal mistake, to which we are all liable. Many matters, however, a
11、re less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind, you have strong convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own prejudice. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you subconsciously are awar
12、e of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controvers
13、ies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence justifies. For those who have enough p
14、sychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different opinion. This has one advantage, and only one, ascompared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same limitations of time and space. Mahat
15、ma Gandhi (圣雄甘地) considered it unfortunate to have railways and steamboats and machinery; he would have liked to undo the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting anyone who holds this opinion, because in Western countries most people take the advanta
16、ge of modern technology for granted. But if you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might have said in refutation of them. I have sometimes been led actually to c
17、hange my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue. Furthermore, I have frequently found myself growing more agreeable through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent. （分数：1.00）(1).The author intends to tell us that（分数：0.20）A.human beings, including those of genius
18、, are liable to foolish errors.B.people can avoid silly mistakes unless they observe common rules.C.it needs average intelligence for us to keep away from silly opinions.D.foolish opinions usually occur to those who rarely commit big mistakes.(2).The example of Aristotle is used to indicate that（分数：
19、0.20）A.observation hinders people from any mistakes.B.great men advance false arguments occasionally.C.primitive apparatuses hamper precise observation.D.realistic investigations are vital to sound judgments.(3).Most people are unlikely to be subject to silly errors（分数：0.20）A.when they do not violat
20、e the rules of observation and imagination.B.if they refute their opponents opinions in a fairly reasonable way.C.unless they are convinced of their unjustifiable knowledge of things.D.until they reconcile with their opponents through imaginary dialogue(4).According to the text, it is true that（分数：0
21、.20）A.there are various ways to rectify false beliefs in many matters.B.our irritation at opposite views proves our unconvincingness.C.fierce controversies reveal the incapacity to win either side.D.we should firmly defend our belief as it encounters any challenge.(5).The author tries to convince us
22、 of the fact that（分数：0.20）A.an imaginary argument with opponents may avoid foolish errors.B.Mahatma Gandhi foresaw the harm caused by modern technology.C.an opponents views can be verified by considering Gandhis arguments.D.we have to agree with actual opponents who offer reasonable opinions.If you
23、intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.
24、Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. Here is an example,
25、which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite
26、 and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?“ the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, thats God,“came the reply,“but sometimes
27、 he thinks hes a doctor.“ If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it 11 be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman s notorious bad tas
28、te in ties. With other audiences you mustn t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system. If you feel awkward being h
29、umorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelievin
30、g look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you dont succeed, give up“ or a play on words or on a situation.Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick
31、 out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. （分数：1.00）(1).To make your humor work, you should（分数：0.20）A.take advantage of different kinds of audience.B.make fun of the disorganized people.C.address different problems to different people.D.show sympathy for your liste
32、ners.(2).The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are（分数：0.20）A.impolite to new arrivals.B.very conscious of their godlike role.C.entitled to some privileges.D.very busy even during lunch hours.(3).It can be inferred from the text that public services（分数：0.20）A.have benefited
33、 many people.B.are the focus of public attention.C.are an inappropriate subject for humor.D.have often been the laughing stock.(4).To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered（分数：0.20）A.in well-worded language.B.as awkwardly as possible.C.in exaggerated statements.D.as casuall
34、y as possible.(5).The best title for the text may be（分数：0.20）A.Use Humor Effectively.B.Various Kinds of Humor.C.Add Humor to Speech.D.Different Humor Strategies.What our society suffers from most today is the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be. Such consensus cannot be gai
35、ned from societys present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as
36、Homers epics (史诗) informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies. Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths
37、 by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic ( 自我陶醉的 ) personality has become characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality
38、that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In his study of narcissism, Christopher Lasch says that modern man, “tortured by self- consciousness, turns to new therapies not to free himself of
39、 his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for.“ There is widespread distress because national morale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose. Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found in totali
40、tarian ( 极权主义的 ) societies, our culture is one of great individual differences, at least in principle and in theory. But this leads to disunity, even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity, but just because ours is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about some do
41、minating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a mytha visionabout a common experience, a conquest that made us Americans, as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer rel
42、ief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idea. Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the individual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolation, guil
43、t, anxiety, and purposelessnessin short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values. （分数：1.00）(1).In the authors view, the greatest trouble with the U. S. society lies in the（分数：0.20）A.lack of serious disagreement over the organizations of social life.B.non-existence of u
44、nanimity on the forms the society should take.C.general denying of its conformity with what it was unexpected to be.D.public negation of the consensus on how to conduct social reforms.(2).“Homers epics“ mentioned in Paragraph 1 exemplifies the fact that（分数：0.20）A.the present is varying too fast to b
45、e caught up easily.B.the future may be so indefinite as to be unpredictable.C.the past can help to shape a consensus in the present.D.the past determines social moralities for later generations.(3).The author concludes that only shared myths can help Americans（分数：0.20）A.to bring about the uniformity
46、 of their culture.B.to diminish their great individual differences.C.to avoid the sense of being isolated and troubled.D.to regain the feelings of social values and morale.(4). The asocial personality of Americans results from（分数：0.20）A.the multiracial constituents of the U. S. society.B.the absence
47、 of a common religion and ancestry.C.the want of shared myths they possess in life.D.the obstruction of achieving a general agreement.(5). It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Christopher Lasch is most probably（分数：0.20）A.an earnest nationalist.B.an advanced psychologist.C.a radical reformer.D.a
48、social historian.Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter - culture as responsible for
