1、考研英语 710及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)For centuries, the nature of the brain was shrouded in mystery. Aristotle is said to have 1 it was a cold sponge, whose main task was to 2 the blood. Later, Leonardo da Vinci 3 the brain as a curious void filled by three tiny bulbous
2、 structures 4 in a straight line 5 the eyeball. Not all early theories were quite so misguided, 6 . From the first studies 7 language deficits, it was 8 that the brain played some direct part in language use. In 1836, an 9 French country doctor, Max Dax, claimed that, in forty aphasic (患失语症的) patien
3、ts he had seen, 10 of language ability always 11 with damage to the left half of the brain. Thirty years later, this claim was 12 proved by the French surgeon Paul Broca. He had studied aphasic 13 in patients who were found to have brain damage 14 the left frontal lobe. Broca was struck by the contr
4、ast with right hemisphere damage, 15 seemed to have little effect on speech. The area Broca isolated and the aphasia associated with it now 16 his name, “Brocas aphasia.“ Ten years after Brocas 17 , Karl Wernicke, a young researcher in Germany, made another startling 18 , which ultimately 19 him to
5、propose not just a new language area, but an overall theory of 20 language is handled in the brain. （分数：1.00）(1).For centuries, the nature of the brain was shrouded in mystery. Aristotle is said to have 1 it was a cold sponge, whose main task was to 2 the blood. Later, Leonardo da Vinci 3 the brain
6、as a curious void filled by three tiny bulbous structures 4 in a straight line 5 the eyeball. Not all early theories were quite so misguided, 6 . From the first studies 7 language deficits, it was 8 that the brain played some direct part in language use. In 1836, an 9 French country doctor, Max Dax,
7、 claimed that, in forty aphasic (患失语症的) patients he had seen, 10 of language ability always 11 with damage to the left half of the brain. Thirty years later, this claim was 12 proved by the French surgeon Paul Broca. He had studied aphasic 13 in patients who were found to have brain damage 14 the le
8、ft frontal lobe. Broca was struck by the contrast with right hemisphere damage, 15 seemed to have little effect on speech. The area Broca isolated and the aphasia associated with it now 16 his name, “Brocas aphasia.“ Ten years after Brocas 17 , Karl Wernicke, a young researcher in Germany, made anot
9、her startling 18 , which ultimately 19 him to propose not just a new language area, but an overall theory of 20 language is handled in the brain. （分数：0.05）A.inventedB.imaginedC.thoughtD.speculatedA.coolB.chillC.filterD.purifyA.aboveB.underC.beneathD.behindA.anyhowB.howeverC.consequentlyD.notwithstan
10、dingA.onB.toC.atD.withA.proposedB.exploredC.suspendedD.suspectedA.anonymousB.eloquentC.obscureD.eccentricA.defectB.lossC.failureD.descentA.correlatedB.cooperatedC.respondedD.involvedA.drasticallyB.dramaticallyC.curiouslyD.dubiouslyA.reactionsB.reflectionsC.phenomenaD.symptomsA.toB.inC.onD.ofA.analyz
11、edB.prescribedC.representedD.disclosedA.itB.thatC.whichD.whatA.flareB.wearC.shareD.bearA.achievementB.discoveryC.researchD.contributionA.hypothesisB.illustrationC.breakthroughD.penetrationA.setB.fedC.letD.ledA.howB.whatC.whyD.whenA.paralleledB.arrangedC.allocatedD.dispersed二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数
12、：1.00)1.Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay entitled “After Picnics“. In the essay you should 1) describe the pictures, 2) give your comment on the phenomena, and 3) suggest possible measures to change them. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 poi
13、nts) Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay entitled “After Picnics“. In the essay you should 1) describe the pictures, 2) give your comment on the phenomena, and 3) suggest possible measures to change them. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points
14、)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communications network consisting of millions and millions of cells
15、. Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees swarming around a hive. The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate, effective and self-limiting. At the heart of the immune sys
16、tem is the ability to distinguish between self and non-self. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or non-self molecules, the immune troops move quickly to eliminate the invaders. Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The body
17、s immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self marker. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a non-self molecule, the system has the ability to remember the specifics of th
18、e foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules, the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies passed during lactation ( 哺乳期 ), this so-called immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your
19、 immune system must learn from experience with the many millions of distinctive non-self molecules in the sea of microbes in which we live. Learning necessitates producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each non-self invader. Any substance capable of stimulating
20、an immune response is called an antigen. Tissues or cells from another individual (except an identical twin, whose cells carry identical self-markers ) act as antigens; because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing protein
21、s unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary, non-antigenic building blocks. An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes( 抗原决定基), which stick out from its surface. Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, ca
22、rry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface, some may even carry several hundred. Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response. Only in abnormal situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as non-self and execute a misdirected immune att
23、ack. The result can be so-called autoimmune disease. The painful side effects of these diseases are caused by a persons immune system actually attacking itself （分数：1.00）(1).We know from the text that the immune system（分数：0.20）A.is no less complicated than the nervous system.B.far exceeds the human b
24、rain in intricacy.C.is surrounded by numerous sensitive cells.D.results in an effective communications network.(2).The principal task of the immune system is to（分数：0.20）A.recognize and reject all alien molecules that enter the body.B.remove all the substances that invade the body organisms.C.defend
25、the body from attacks of different viruses or bacteria.D.identify and specify all non-self molecules it encounters.(3).The main idea of the text may be generalized as（分数：0.20）A.the ability of the immune system to distinguish foreign molecules.B.the normal and abnormal activities of the immune system
26、 in the body.C.the unfavorable effects of the immune system on organ transplantation.D.the essential duties of the immune system in the defence of the body.(4).The remembering power of a persons immune system is（分数：0.20）A.mostly descended from his/her ancestors.B.partially passed down from his/her m
27、other.C.mainly acquired through fighting foreign cells.D.basically generated by communications network.(5).A tissue transplanted from father to daughter would be less acceptable than that transplanted between twins because（分数：0.20）A.the ages of the twins tissues are exactly alike.B.the twins tissues
28、 bear the same self-markers.C.the father and daughter are different in sex.D.the twins molecules possess identical memory.To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is liable, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all errors, but from silly errors.
29、If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he though
30、t he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you dont is a fatal mistake, to which we are all liable. Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind, you have strong convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself
31、aware of your own prejudice. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you subconsciously are aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unles
32、s you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; y
33、ou will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence justifies. For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different opinion. This has one advantage, and only one, ascompared with actual co
34、nversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same limitations of time and space. Mahatma Gandhi (圣雄甘地) considered it unfortunate to have railways and steamboats and machinery; he would have liked to undo the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never
35、have an opportunity of actually meeting anyone who holds this opinion, because in Western countries most people take the advantage of modern technology for granted. But if you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the argum
36、ents that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might have said in refutation of them. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue. Furthermore, I have frequently found myself growing more agreeable through realizing the possible reasonablene
37、ss of a hypothetical opponent. （分数：1.00）(1).The author intends to tell us that（分数：0.20）A.human beings, including those of genius, are liable to foolish errors.B.people can avoid silly mistakes unless they observe common rules.C.it needs average intelligence for us to keep away from silly opinions.D.
38、foolish opinions usually occur to those who rarely commit big mistakes.(2).The example of Aristotle is used to indicate that（分数：0.20）A.observation hinders people from any mistakes.B.great men advance false arguments occasionally.C.primitive apparatuses hamper precise observation.D.realistic investig
39、ations are vital to sound judgments.(3).Most people are unlikely to be subject to silly errors（分数：0.20）A.when they do not violate the rules of observation and imagination.B.if they refute their opponents opinions in a fairly reasonable way.C.unless they are convinced of their unjustifiable knowledge
40、 of things.D.until they reconcile with their opponents through imaginary dialogue(4).According to the text, it is true that（分数：0.20）A.there are various ways to rectify false beliefs in many matters.B.our irritation at opposite views proves our unconvincingness.C.fierce controversies reveal the incap
41、acity to win either side.D.we should firmly defend our belief as it encounters any challenge.(5).The author tries to convince us of the fact that（分数：0.20）A.an imaginary argument with opponents may avoid foolish errors.B.Mahatma Gandhi foresaw the harm caused by modern technology.C.an opponents views
42、 can be verified by considering Gandhis arguments.D.we have to agree with actual opponents who offer reasonable opinions.Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publishers pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused
43、 and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. “Scientific“ creationism, which is bei
44、ng pushed by some for “equal time“ in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific“ creationism as bad science and bad religi
45、on. The first four chapters of Kitcher s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their p
46、rogrammes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior. Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account,
47、in part, for the charity and effectiveness of his arguments. The nonspecialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapters on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Ste
48、phen Jay Gould says:“ This book stands for reason itself.“ And so it doesand all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate. （分数：1.00）(1).“Creationism“ in the passage refers to_.（分数：0.25）A.evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universeB.a notion of the
49、 creation of religionC.the scientific explanation of the earth formationD.the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe(2).Kitcherss book is intended to_.（分数：0.25）A.recommend the views of the evolutionistsB.expose the true features of creationistsC.curse bitterly at his opponentsD.launch a surprise attack on creationists(3). From the passage we can infer that_.（分数：0.25）A.reasoning has p
