1、考研英语 93及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, -|_|- this is largely because, -|_|- animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are -|_|- to perceiving those s
2、mells which float through the air, -|_|- the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, -|_|- , we are extremely sensitive to smells, -|_|- we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of -|_|- human smells even these are -|_|-to far below one part in one million. Strangely, some
3、people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, -|_|- others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate -|_|- smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send -|_|-
4、 to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell -|_|- can suddenly become sensitive to it -|_|- to it often enough. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it -|_|- to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can
5、-|_|- new receptors if necessary. This may -|_|- explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smellswe simply do not need to be. We are not -|_|- of the usual smell of our own house, but we -|_|- new smells we visit someone else s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors -|_|- for unf
6、amiliar and emergency signals -|_|- the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, -|_|- this is largely because, -|_|- animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses
7、are -|_|- to perceiving those smells which float through the air, -|_|- the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, -|_|- , we are extremely sensitive to smells, -|_|- we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of -|_|- human smells even these are -|_|-to far below one part i
8、n one million. Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, -|_|- others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate -|_|- smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells wh
9、ich sense smells and send -|_|- to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell -|_|- can suddenly become sensitive to it -|_|- to it often enough. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it -|_|- to keep all smell receptor
10、s working all the time but can -|_|- new receptors if necessary. This may -|_|- explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smellswe simply do not need to be. We are not -|_|- of the usual smell of our own house, but we -|_|- new smells we visit someone else s. The brain finds it best to kee
11、p smell receptors -|_|- for unfamiliar and emergency signals -|_|- the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. （分数：1.00）A.althoughB.asC.butD.while二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.1)Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon. 2) Give your comments. 1)Write out the messages conve
12、yed by the cartoon. 2) Give your comments.* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Americans today don t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical educationnot to
13、 pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti- intellectualism in our schools arent difficult to find. “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,“ says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.“ Ravi
14、tch s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mi
15、nd leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We wi
16、ll have a less civil society.“ “Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,“ writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti- intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the be
17、ginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other
18、Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for I0 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.“ Mark Twain s Huckleberry Finn exemplifi
19、ed American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized going to school and learning to readso he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contempla
20、tive side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines. School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country s educational system is in the grips of people who
21、“joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.“ （分数：1.00）(1). What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?（分数：0.20）A.The habit of thinking independently.B.Profound knowledge
22、 of the world.C.Practical abilities for future careerD.The confidence in intellectual pursuits.(2) We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of（分数：0.20）A.undervaluing intellect.B.favoring intellectualism.C.supporting school reform.D.suppressing native intelligence.(3).The views of Rav
23、itch and Emerson on schooling are（分数：0.20）A.identical.B.similar.C.complementary.D.opposite.(4). Emerson, according to the text, is probably（分数：0.20）A.a pioneer of education reform.B.an opponent of intellectualism.C.a scholar in favor of intellect.D.an advoeate of regular schooling.(5).What does the
24、author think of intellect?（分数：0.20）A.It is second to intelligence.B.It evolves from common sense.C.It is to be pursued.D.It underlies power.Among the many other things it is, a portrait is always a record of the personal and artistic encounter that produced it. It is possible for artists to produce
25、portraits of individuals who have not sat for them, but the portrait that finally emerges normally betrays the restrictions under which the artist has been forced to labor. Even when an artists portrait is simply a copy of someone elses work-as in the many portraits of Queen Elizabeth I that were pr
26、oduced during her lifetime-the never-changing features of a ruler who refused to sit for her court painters reflect not only the supposed powers of an ever-youthful queen but the remoteness of those attempting to depict her as well. Portraits are “occasional“ not only in the sense that they are clos
27、ely tied to particular events in the lives of their subjects but in the sense that there is usually an occasion-however brief, uncomfortable, artificial, or unsatisfactory it may prove to be-in which the artist and subject directly confront each other;and thus the encounter a portrait records is mos
28、t really the sitting itself. The sitting may be brief or extended, collegial or confrontational. Cartier-Bresson has expressed his passion for portrait photography by characterizing it as “a duel without rules“. While Cartier-Bresson reveals himself as an interloper and opportunist, Richard Avedon c
29、onfesses to a role as diagnostician and psychic healer: not as someone who necessarily transforms his subjects, but as someone who reveals their essential nature. Both photographers appear to agree on one basis, however, which is that the fundamental dynamic in this process lies squarely in the hand
30、s of the artist. A quite-different example has its roots not in confrontation or consultation but in active collaboration between the artist and sitter. This very different kind of relationship was formulated most vividly by William Hazlitt in his essay entitled “On Sitting for Ones Picture“. To Haz
31、litt, the “bond of connection“ between painter and sitter is most like the relationship between two lovers: “They are always thinking and talking of the same thing, in which their self love finds an equal counterpart.“ Hazlitt flashes out his thesis by recounting particular episodes from the career
32、of Sir Joshua Reynolds. According to Hazlitt, Reynolds sitters, accompanied by their friends, were meant to enjoy an atmosphere that was both comfortable for them and conductive to the enterprise of the portrait painter, who was simultaneously their host and their contractual employee. In the case o
33、f artists like Reynolds, no fundamental difference exists between the artists studio and all those other rooms in which the sitters spin out the days of their lives. The act of entering Reynolds studio did not necessarily transform those who sat for him. Collaboration in portraiture such as Reynolds
34、 is based on the sitters comfort and security as well as on his or her desire to experiment with something new, and it is in this “creation of another self“, as Hazlitt put it, that the painters subjects may properly see themselves for the first time. （分数：1.00）(1). In referring to Queen Elizabeth I
35、as “ever-youthful“, the author implies that（分数：0.20）A.she instructed court painters to portray her younger than she actually was.B.all her portraits available for copying were painted when she was young.C.she intended her portrait to be painted young to reflect her ruling powers.D.artists purposely
36、made her portraits appear younger than her actual age.(2).The author quotes Cartier-Bresson in order to（分数：0.20）A.refute Avedons conception about a portrait sitting.B.provide one perspective of the portraiture encounter.C.exemplify time restriction of the sitting for portraiture.D.support the thesis
37、 on the uncertainty of a collegial sitting(3).It would be most consistent with the text to infer that Reynolds（分数：0.20）A.may have provided a transforming experience for some sitters.B.must have worked primarily with experienced portrait subjects.C.might have frequently painted portraits at his subje
38、cts homes.D.could have been alone with his sitters while portraying them.(4).Which of the following best characterizes the portraiture experience as viewed by Avedon?（分数：0.20）A.A collaboration.B.A mutual accommodation.C.A consultation.D.A comfortable encounter.(5).A portrait artist operating under t
39、he Reynolds example would probably disagree that（分数：0.20）A.a portrait sitting often changes the way the sitter views himself/herself.B.portraiture helps both artist and subject to display their vanity.C.a portrait sitting may frequently heighten the sitters self-knowledge.D.portraiture depends more
40、on the subjects initiative than on the artists.Throughout history, gold has been a precious material, eagerly sought and cherished. It was probably the first metal to be mined because it is beautiful and imperishable (which will always exist or cannot wear out), and because beautiful objects can be
41、made from it-even with primitive tools. The amount of gold known to ancient peoples probably totaled not much more than the amount produced each year by the worlds largest gold mine located in the Witwatersrand district of South Africa. Stores of gold discovered by archaeologists in Greece, Scythia,
42、 and Egypt, as well as the gold from Indian treasuries in Mexico and Peru, represented years of patient collection of small quantities from streams and veins (矿脉) , often by slave labor. The essential value of gold has always been known, even before gold was used in coinage. It remains the only univ
43、ersally recognized standard of value in international monetary exchange. Most of the worlds refined gold is absorbed by governments and central banks to provide backing for paper currency. But the amount of gold used in arts and in industry is increasing. In addition to its use for jewelry, decorati
44、ve finishes, and dentistry, its special properties have led to many applications in modern science and technology. Surface coatings of gold protect earth satellites from heat and corrosion, and certain electrical components and circuits of spacecraft are made of gold when extreme reliability is requ
45、ired. Gold was first produced in the United States from the southern Appalachian region, beginning about 1792. These deposits, though rich, were relatively small and were quickly depleted. The discovery of gold at Sutters Mill in California sparked the gold rush of 1849-50. Hundreds of mining camps
46、sprang to life as new deposits were discovered. As a result, the production of gold increased rapidly. During World War I and for some years thereafter, annual production declined to about two million ounces. When the price of gold was raised in 1934 to $35 an ounce, production increased rapidly. Sh
47、ortly after the start of World War, gold mines were closed and the government did not permit them to reopen until 1945. Since then the production of gold has not exceeded two million ounces a year. The largest producing gold mine in the United States is the Homestake Mine in South Dakota, which yields about 575,000 ounces of gold each year. Other mines scattered throughout various parts of the world produce even larger amounts of th
