1、考研英语 9及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Manpower Inc. ,with 560,000 workers, is the worlds largest temporary, employment agency. Every morning, its people -|_|- into the offices and factories of America, seeking a days work for a days pay, one day at a time. -|_|- industrial
2、 giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive -|_|- reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming. -|_|- its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers. This“ -|_|- “work force is the m
3、ost important -|_|- in American business today, and it is -|_|- changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive -|_|- avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens -|_|- by employment rules, healthcare costs and pen
4、sion plans. workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of -|_|- that came being a loyal employee. Manpower Inc. ,with 560,000 workers, is the worlds largest temporary, employment agency. Every morning, its people -|_|- into the offices and factories of America, seeking a days wor
5、k for a days pay, one day at a time. -|_|- industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive -|_|- reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming. -|_|- its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers an
6、d temporary workers. This“ -|_|- “work force is the most important -|_|- in American business today, and it is -|_|- changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive -|_|- avoiding market cycles and the growing burden
7、s -|_|- by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of -|_|- that came being a loyal employee. （分数：1.00）A.swarmB.strideC.separateD.slip二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.Directions: study the following map graph carefully and
8、 write an essay in which you should 1) describe oil fields distribution, 2) state the information the map graph tends to convey, and 3) give your comment. You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) GHANGING NATIONAL FORTUNES IN OIL DISCOVERIESDirections: study the foll
9、owing map graph carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe oil fields distribution, 2) state the information the map graph tends to convey, and 3) give your comment. You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) GHANGING NATIONAL FORTUNES IN OIL DISCOVER
10、IES* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, th
11、an by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the m
12、ental quality which they are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. While any people has made a temporary approach to such a ch
13、aracter, it has been because the dread of heterodox(非正统的) thinking was for a time suspended. Where there is an unspoken convention that principles are not to be disputed; where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that
14、generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when prolonged arguments avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to rouse enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even
15、persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of thinking beings. He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that. His reasons may be good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if he is equally unable to refute the reasons on the opposite side, and if he does not s
16、o much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for him would be suspension of judgment, and unless he contents himself with that, he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels the most incli
17、nation. Nor is it enough that he should hear the arguments of opponents from his own teachers ,presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with his own mind. He must be able to he
18、ar them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. He must know them in their seemingly reasonable and persuasive form: he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; other
19、wise he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated men are in this condition, and even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false
20、for anything they know. They have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say. （分数：1.00）(1).The fundamental criterion for a great thinker consists in his（分数：0.20）A.sound argument and judgement on prime eve
21、nts.B.keen insights into the major issues of his time.C.devotion to independent thinking and reasoning.D.remarkable intellectual faculties for seeking truth.(2). According to the author, it is always advisable to（分数：0.20）A.have opinions acceptable to either side in an argument.B.adopt the point of v
22、iew one feels most inclinable to.C.get aware of with the arguments incompatible with ones ownD.analyse and refute heterodox thought presented by opponents.(3). The thinking of a nation can be excited only when（分数：0.20）A.even persons are promoted to thinking beings.B.big and vital issues are freely a
23、nd widely discussed.C.great thinkers have emerged from the ordinary intellects.D.people become enthusiastic about thinking independently.(4).The author is of the opinion that in a great period we may expect to find（分数：0.20）A.acceptance of ultimate truths.B.enthusiasm for prolonged arguments.C.debate
24、s about heterodox thinking.D.arguments over important principles.(5).According to the text ,which of the following statements is true?（分数：0.20）A.Most eloquent arguers fail to escape one-sidedness.B.Heterodox principles will lead to fatal errors in thinking.C.Most educated debaters have overall knowl
25、edge of the subject.D.The generality of people take a neutral position in debates.We have to realise how old, how very old, we are. Nations are classified as “aged“ when they have 7 per cent or more of their people aged 65 or above, and by about 1970 every one of the advanced countries had become li
26、ke this. Of the really ancient societies, with over 13 per cent above 65, all are in Northwestern Europe. We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is likely to be- at least, for any future that concerns us
27、now. To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be added, some of them only recently recognised. There is the apparent paradox that the effective cause of the high proportion of the old is births rather than deaths. There is the economic principle that the dependency ratio- the degree
28、 to which those who cannot earn depend for a living on those who can-is more advantageous in older societies like ours than in the younger societies of the developing world, because lots of dependent babies are more of a liability than numbers of the inactive aged. There is the appreciation of the h
29、istorical truth that the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change. If “revolution“ is a rapid resettlement of the social structure, and if the age composition of the society counts as a very important aspect of that social structure, then there has been a social revolution in European an
30、d particularly Western European society within the lifetime of everyone over 50. Taken together, these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged. These facts and circumstances had a leading position at a world gathering about aging as a challenge to science and to policy,
31、held at Vichy in France. There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birth rate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old. Long life is altering our society, of course, but in experi
32、ential terms. We have among us a very much greater experience of continued living than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere, and this will continue. But too much of that lengthened experience, even in the wealthy West, will be experience of poverty and neglect, unless we do something about
33、 it. If you are in your thirties, you ought to be aware that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60. The older you are now, of course, the greater this proportion will be, and greater still if you are a woman. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the text, really a
34、ged societies may include（分数：0.20）A.all developed nations without exception.B.every one of Western European countries.C.Germany, France, and the United Kingdom.D.Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.(2).The author argues that the main cause of aged societies is（分数：0.20）A.not so much the decrea
35、se in deathrate as the fall in birthrate.B.no more the increase in birthrate than that in deathrate.C.not the drop in deathrate any more than the rise in birthrate.D.as much the growth in birthrate as the decline in deathrate.(3).The author asserts his belief that（分数：0.20）A.the growth in number of t
36、he old is liable for the fall in that of the young.B.the unusual statement about the main cause of aged societies is quite valid.C.the greater dependency of babies is subject to the change in social structure.D.the favorable conditions for continued living are perfect in modern societies.(4).Older s
37、ocieties are superior to younger ones in that（分数：0.20）A.old people are more dependent than babies.B.children are more handicapped than the aged.C.the inactive aged are more reliable than children.D.infants are more of a handicap than the elderly.(5).The writer is most probably in favor of the statem
38、ent that（分数：0.20）A.an advanced society is to suffer a gradual change from young to old.B.people near 60 in developed societies may witness social reshaping.C.the world conference about aging was held as a challenge to current policy.D.a man aged thirty can expect to live up to sixty, and a woman sti
39、ll longer.One of the questions that is coming into focus as we face growing scarcity of resources of many kinds in the world is how to divide limited resources among countries. In the international development community, the conventional wisdom has been that the 2 billion people living in poor count
40、ries could never expect to reach the standard of living that most of us in North America enjoy, simply because the world does not contain enough iron ore, protein, petroleum, and so on. At the same time, we in the United States have continued to pursue superaffluence as though there were no limits o
41、n how much we could consume. We make up 6 percent of the worlds people; yet we consume one-third of the worlds resources. As long as the resources we consumed each year came primarily from within our own boundaries, this was largely an internal matter. But as our resources come more and more from th
42、e outside world, “outsiders are going to have some say over the rate at which and terms under which we consume. We will no longer be able to think in terms of “our“ resources and “their“ resources, but only of common resources. As Americans consuming such a disproportionate share of the worlds resou
43、rces, we have to question whether or not we can continue our pursuit of superaffluence in a world of scarcity. We are now reaching the point where we must carefully examine the presumed link between our level of well-being and the level of material goods consumed. If you have only one crust of bread
44、 and get another crust of bread, your well-being is greatly enhanced. But if you have a loaf of bread, then an additional crust of bread doesnt make that much difference. In the eyes of most of the world today, Americans have their loaf of bread and are asking for still more. People elsewhere are be
45、ginning to ask why. This is the question were going to have to answer, whether were trying to persuade countries to step up their exports of oil to us or trying to convince them that we ought to be permitted to maintain our share of the world fish catch. The prospect of a scarcity of, and competitio
46、n for, the worlds resources requires that we reexamine the way in which we relate to the rest of the world. It means we find ways of cutting back on resource consumption that is dependent on the resources and cooperation of other countries. We cannot expect people in these countries to concern thems
47、elves with our worsening energy and food shortages unless we demonstrate some concern for the hunger, illiteracy and disease that are diminishing life for them. （分数：1.00）(1).The writer warns Americans that（分数：0.20）A.their excessive consumption has caused world resource exhaustion.B.they are confront
48、ed with the problem of how to obtain more goods.C.their unfair share of resources should give way to proper division.D.they have to discard their cars for the growing scarcity of oil fuels.(2).According to the text, it has long been believed that（分数：0.20）A.people in poor countries fail to enjoy a higher standard of living.B.people in underdeveloped countries are deprived of better living conditions.C.most Americans know that the world
