1、考研英语阅读理解 C节(英译汉)分类精讲社会伦理类-(二)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Reading Co(总题数：5，分数：100.00)In many developing countries, software piracy has become pandemic. According to Software Publishers Association, 95% of the software in Pakistan is pirated, 89% in Brazil, 88% in Malaysia and 82% in Mexico.
2、(1) Hundreds of tiny gizmo shops in the mazelike streets of Seouls Yongsan electronics market offer brandname U.S. made programs for a programer for a fraction of the list price, including Lotus 1-2-3 for $7.50 (suggested retail: $368). New Delhis largest pirate outlet is a backroom operation that o
3、ffers customers a catalog of nearly 400 titles and facilities for making copies for as little as $ 4 a disk ($2.50 for customers who bring their own floppies).How to combat this rampant piracy? (2) The publishers first approach was to control it through technical meansby putting codes in their progr
4、ams that prevented users from copying them.This strategy worked for a while, or at least until determined pirates found ways to get around it. (3) But the codes also made it difficult for legitimate users to copy programs onto their hard drives. Copy protection became so unpopular that by 1986 most
5、publishers had abandoned it as their first line of defense. But they didnt give up altogether. Through associations like Software Publishers Association they began picking off pirates one at a time, focusing on the biggest abusers. (4) Software Publishers Association began running spot checks and au
6、dits on major corporations, suing for damages when they found firms had bought, say, a single copy of a program and then made numerous unlicensed copies for its employees. Software Publishers Association also opened a hot line on which anybody can report the use of illegal software. The organization
7、 now gets 20 to 30 calls a day, mostly from former or disgruntled employees, and collects more than $3.5 million a year in fines and penalties. (5) The Washington based Business Software Alliance is conducting similar operations overseas, putting pressure on foreign governments to enforce the copyri
8、ght laws already on the books.（分数：20.00）_Over the last decade, demand for the most common cosmetic surgery procedures, like breast enlargements and nose jobs, has increased by more than 400 percent. According to Dr. Dai Davies, of the Plastic Surgery Partnership in Hammersmith, the majority of cosme
9、tic surgery patients are not chasing physical perfection. Rather, they are driven to fantastic lengths to improve their appearance by a desire to look normal. “ (1) What we all crave is to look normal, and normal is what is prescribed by the advertising media and other external pressures. They give
10、us a perception of what is physically acceptable and we feel we must look like that.“ (2) In America, the debate is no longer about whether surgery is normal; rather, it centres on what age people should be before going under the knife. New York surgeon Dr. Gerard Imber recommends “maintenance“ work
11、 for people in their thirties. “The idea of waiting until one needs a heroic transformation is silly,“ he says, “By then, youve wasted 20 great years of your life and allowed things to get out of hand.“ Dr. Imber draws the line at operating on people who are under 18, however. “It seems that someone
12、 we dont consider old enough to order a drink shouldnt be considering plastic surgery.“In the UK cosmetic surgery has long been seen as the exclusive domain of the very rich and famous. (3) But the proportionate cost of treatment has fallen substantially, bringing all but the most advanced laser tec
13、hnology within the reach of most people. Dr. Davies, who claims to “cater for the average person“, agrees. He says: “I treat a few of the rich and famous and an awful lot of secretaries. Of course, 3,000 for an operation is a lot of money. But it is also an investment for life which costs about half
14、 the price of a good family holiday.“(4) Dr. Davies suspects that the increasing sophistication of the fat injecting and removal techniques that allow patients to be treated with a local anaesthetic in an afternoon has also helped promote the popularity of cosmetic surgery. (5) Yet, as one woman who
15、 recently paid 2,500 for liposuction to remove fat from her thighs admitted, the slope to becoming a cosmetic surgery Veteran is a deceptively gentle one. “I had my legs done because theyd been bugging me for years. But going into the clinic was so low key and effective it whetted my appetite. Now I
16、 dont think theres any operation that I would rule out having if I could afford it./（分数：20.00）_(1) This is supposed to be an enlightened age, but you wouldnt think so if only you could hear what the average man thinks of the average woman. Women won their independence years ago. After a long, bitter
17、 struggle, they now enjoy the same educational opportunities as men in most parts of the world. They have proved repeatedly that they are equal and often superior to men in almost every field. The hard-fought battle for recognition has been won, but it is through no means over. (2) It is men, not wo
18、men who still carry on the sex war because their attitude remains basically hostile, even in the most progressive societies, women continue to be regarded as second-rate citizens. To hear some men talk, youd think that women belonged to a different species!On the surface, the comments made through m
19、en about womens abilities seem light-hearted. The same tired jokes about women drivers are repeated day in and day out. This apparent light heartedness does not conceal the real contempt that men feel for women. However much men sneer at women, their claims to superiority are not borne out through s
20、tatistics. Lets consider the matter of driving, for instance. We all know that women cause far fewer accidents than men. They are too conscientious and responsible to drive like maniacs. But this is a minor quibble. Women have succeeded in any job you care to name. (3) As politicians, soldiers, doct
21、ors, factory hands, university professors, farmers, company directors, lawyers, bus-conductors, scientists and presidents of countries they have often put men to shame. And we must remember that they frequently succeed brilliantly in all these fields in addition to bearing and rearing children.Yet m
22、en go on maintaining the fiction that there are many jobs women cannot do. (4) Top level political negotiation between countries, business and banking are almost entirely controlled through men, who jealously guard their so-called “rights“. Even in otherwise enlightened places like Switzerland women
23、 havent even been given the vote. This situation is preposterous!The truth is that men cling to their supremacy because of their basic inferiority complex. They shun real competition. They know in their hearts that women are superior and they are afraid of being beaten at their own game. One of the
24、most important tasks in the world is to achieve peace between the nations. (5) You can be sure that if only women were allowed to sit round the conference table, they would succeed brilliantly, as they always do, where men have failed for centuries.（分数：20.00）_Much has been written about poverty but
25、none of the accounts seem to get at the root of the problem. It must be noted that the debilitating effects of poverty are not only the result of lack of money but are also the result of powerlessness. (1) The poor are subject to their social situation instead of being able to affect it through acti
26、on, that is, through behavior that flows from an individuals decisions and plans. In other words, when social scientists have reported on the psychological consequences of poverty, it seems reasonable to believe that they have described the psychological consequences of powerlessness. The solution t
27、o poverty most frequently suggested is to help the poor secure more money without otherwise changing the present power relationships. This appears to implement the idea of equality while avoiding any unnecessary threat to the established centers of power. But since the consequences of poverty are re
28、lated to powerlessness, not to the absolute supply of money available to the poor, and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a large supply of goods and services, the solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely, unless accompanie
29、d by other measures, to be ineffective in a wealthy society.In order to reduce povertyrelated psychological and social problems in the United States, the major community will have to change its relationship to neighborhoods of poverty in such fashion that families in the neighborhoods have a greater
30、 interest in the broader society and can more successfully participate in the decision-making process of the surrounding community. Social action to help the poor should have the following characteristics: First, the poor should see themselves as the source of the action. (2) Second, the action shou
31、ld effect in major ways the preconceptions of institutions and persons who define the poor; the action should demand much in effect or skill. (3) Third, the action should be successful and the successful self-originated important action should increase the feeling of potential worth and individual p
32、ower of individuals who are poor.(4) The only initial resource which a community should provide to neighborhoods of poverty should be on a temporary basis and should consist of organizers who will enable the neighborhoods quickly to create powerful, independent, democratic organizations of the poor.
33、 (5) Through such organizations, the poor will then negotiate with the outsiders for resources and opportunities without having to submit to concurrent control from outside.（分数：20.00）_(1) Despite the general negative findings, it is important to remember that all children who live through a divorce
34、do not behave in the same way. The specific behavior depends on the childs individual personality, characteristics, age at the time of divorce, and gender. (2) In terms of personality, when compared to those rated as relaxed and easygoing, children described as temperamental and irritable have more
35、difficulty coping with parental divorce, as indeed they have more difficulty adapting to life change in general. Stress, such as that found in disrupted families, seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt to their surroundings, the greater the amount of stress, the less well the
36、y adapt. In contrast, a moderate amount of stress may actually help an easygoing, relaxed child learn to cope with adversity.There is some relationship between age and childrens characteristic reaction to divorce. (3) As the child grows older, the greater is the likelihood of a free expression of a
37、variety of complex feelings, an understanding of those feelings, and a realization that the decision to divorce cannot be attributed to any one simple cause. Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6, fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8, and the confusion and fear of the young
38、 child is replaced in the older child by shame, anger, and self-reflection.Gender of the child is also a factor that predicts the nature of reaction to divorce. The impact of divorce is initially greater on boys than on girls. They are more aggressive, less compliant, have greater difficulties in in
39、terpersonal relationships, and exhibit problem behaviors both at home and at school. Furthermore, the adjustment problems of boys are still noticeable even two years after the divorce. Girls adjustment problems are usually internalized rather than acted out, and are often resolved by the second year
40、 after the divorce. However, new problems may surface for girls as they enter adolescence and adulthood. How can the relatively greater impact of divorce on boys than on girls be explained? (4) The greater male aggression and noncompliance may reflect the fact that such behaviors are tolerated and e
41、ven encouraged in males in our culture more than they are in females. Furthermore, boys may have a particular need for a strong male model of self-control, as well as for a strong disciplinarian parent. (5) Finally, boys are more likely to be exposed to their parents fights than girls are, and after
42、 the breakup, boys are less likely than girls to receive sympathy and support from mothers, teachers, or peers.（分数：20.00）_考研英语阅读理解 C节(英译汉)分类精讲社会伦理类-(二)答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Reading Co(总题数：5，分数：100.00)In many developing countries, software piracy has become pandemic. According to Software Publishers Association, 95% of the software in Pakistan is pirated, 89% in Brazil, 88% in Malaysia and 82% in Mexico. (1) Hu
