1、考研英语（一）-试卷 185 及答案解析(总分：144.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Culture is activity of thought, and receptiveness to beauty and humane feeling. Sc
2、raps of information have【B1】_ to do with it. A【B2】_ well-informed man is the most useless bore on Gods earth. What we should aim at【B3】_ is men who possess both culture and expert knowledge in some【B4】_ direction. Their expert knowledge will give them the ground to start【B5】_, and their culture will
3、【B6】_ them as deep as philosophy and as high as art. We have to remember that the【B7】_ intellectual development is self-development, and that it【B8】_ takes place between the ages of sixteen and thirty. As to training, the most important part is given by mothers【B9】_ the age of twelve. In training a
4、child to activity of thought,【B10】_ all things we must be【B11】_ of what I will call “inert ideas“ that is to say, ideas that are merely【B12】_ into the mind without being utilized, or tested, or thrown into【B13】_ combinations. In the history of education, the most striking phenomenon is that schools
5、of learning, which at one epoch are【B14】_ with a craze for genius, but in a succeeding generation exhibit merely【B15】_. The reason is that they are overladen with inert ideas.【B16】_ at rare intervals of intellectual motivation, education in the past has been radically infected with inert ideas. That
6、 is the reason why uneducated clever women, who have【B17】_ much of the world, are in middle life so much the most cultured part of the community. They have been【B18】_ from this horrible burden of inert ideas. Every intellectual revolution which has【B19】_ stirred humanity into greatness has been a pa
7、ssionate protest【B20】_ inert ideas.（分数：40.00）(1).【B1】（分数：2.00）A.everythingB.nothingC.anythingD.something(2).【B2】（分数：2.00）A.merelyB.rarelyC.barelyD.properly(3).【B3】（分数：2.00）A.supplyingB.producingC.creatingD.developing(4).【B4】（分数：2.00）A.uniqueB.normalC.commonD.special(5).【B5】（分数：2.00）A.acrossB.fromC.a
8、longD.towards(6).【B6】（分数：2.00）A.keepB.leadC.takeD.shape(7).【B7】（分数：2.00）A.preciousB.worthyC.valuableD.progressive(8).【B8】（分数：2.00）A.partiallyB.largelyC.roughlyD.broadly(9).【B9】（分数：2.00）A.sinceB.afterC.untilD.before(10).【B10】（分数：2.00）A.aboveB.excludingC.amongD.unlike(11).【B11】（分数：2.00）A.awareB.capabl
9、eC.thoughtfulD.sure(12).【B12】（分数：2.00）A.absorbedB.receivedC.integratedD.conceived(13).【B13】（分数：2.00）A.freshB.fundamentalC.logicalD.equivalent(14).【B14】（分数：2.00）A.popularB.boredC.contentD.alive(15).【B15】（分数：2.00）A.routineB.practiceC.frameD.custom(16).【B16】（分数：2.00）A.exceptB.despiteC.evenD.only(17).【B
10、17】（分数：2.00）A.visitedB.missedC.wanderedD.seen(18).【B18】（分数：2.00）A.freedB.savedC.relievedD.protected(19).【B19】（分数：2.00）A.thenB.ratherC.everD.instead(20).【B20】（分数：2.00）A.uponB.againstC.underD.as二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：60.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the follo
11、wing four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Transparency has hit the headlines. In the wake of evidence that many research findings are not reproducible, the scientific community has launched initiatives to increase data sharing, transparency and open critique. As
12、 with any new development, there are unintended consequences. Many measures that can improve science shared data, post-publication peer review and public engagement on social media can be turned against scientists. Endless information requests, complaints to researchers universities, online harassme
13、nt, distortion of scientific findings and even threats of violence: these were all recurring experiences shared by researchers from a broad range of disciplines at a Royal Society-sponsored meeting last year that we organized to explore this topic. Orchestrated and well-funded harassment campaigns a
14、gainst researchers working in climate change and tobacco control are well documented. Some hard-line opponents to other research, such as that on nuclear fallout, vaccination, chronic fatigue syndrome or genetically modified organisms, although less resourced, have employed identical strategies. Suc
15、h attacks place scientists in a difficult position. Good researchers do not turn away when confronted by alternative views. However, their openness can be exploited by opponents who are keen to stall inconvenient research. When people object to science because it challenges their beliefs or jeopardi
16、zes their interests, they are rarely committed to informed debate. The progress of research demands transparency. But as scientists work to boost rigour, they risk making science more vulnerable to attacks. Awareness of tactics is paramount. Scientists should ignore critics who are abusive or illogi
17、cal and those that make the same points repeatedly despite refutations. Internet trolling has been associated with sadism and psychopathy. Engagement with such bad-faith actors can endanger scientists well-being in a way that university ethics committees would never condone in research on human subj
18、ects. All who participate in post-publication review should identify themselves. The drawbacks of anonymity ( its encouragement of bad behaviour) outweigh its advantages (for example, it allows junior people to criticize senior academics without fear of redress). Whats more, the scientific community
19、 should not indulge in games of gotcha (intentionally turning small errors against a person). Minor corrections and clarifications after publication should not be a reason to stigmatize fellow researchers. Scientific publications should be seen as “living documents,“ with corrigenda an accepted if u
20、nwelcome part of scientific progress. Similar attention must be devoted to stressors and threats to science that arise in response to research that is considered inconvenient. The same institutions and bodies that have scrutinized science must also start a conversation about how to protect it.（分数：10
21、.00）(1).The direct reason for transparency in doing science is（分数：2.00）A.the improvement of scientific knowledge.B.the popularity of social media.C.the irresproducibility of research findings.D.the prejudice against scientists.(2).We learn from Paragraph 2 that various attacks against scientists are
22、 launched（分数：2.00）A.secretly and momentarily.B.constantly and aggressively.C.voluntarily and violently.D.verbally and spiritually.(3).The word “condone“ (Para. 5) is closest in meaning to（分数：2.00）A.disregard.B.condemn.C.reaffirm.D.defame.(4).The author believes that, in face of the challenge from op
23、ponents, researchers should（分数：2.00）A.realize the importance of subtle tactics.B.feel no shame for their noble cause.C.have their names removed from papers.D.remain silent on sensitive issues.(5).Which of the following is the best title of the text?（分数：2.00）A.Openness Is What Is Essential to the Pro
24、gress of Science.B.A Frank Conversation: Protect Researchers from Attacks.C.The Prestige of the Scientific Community Is Often Stained.D.Research Integrity: Dont Let Transparency Damage Science.The NHS remains one of the reasons why people are proud to be British. It provides outstanding care to more
25、 than a million of us every day, despite huge pressure caused by tight finances and an ageing population. At the last election, the British people were cleara strong NHS needs a strong economy. So those who back Brexit need to explain what that would mean for the NHS. I am not someone who believes w
26、e could not survive economically outside the EU. Nor do I believe thatas the worlds fifth largest economywe would not eventually negotiate new trade deals. But we know that would involve years of economic uncertainty and that no country outside the EU has ever secured full, unfettered access to the
27、single market. Even the most bullish Brexiteers concede that the short-term impact on the British economy would be a period of uncertainty and volatility. The independent Office for Budget Responsibility has said that “there appears to be a greater consensus that a vote to leave would result in a pe
28、riod of potentially disruptive uncertainty while the precise details of the UKs new relationship with the EU were negotiated“. And therein lies the risk to the NHS of leaving. Those wishing to leave might say this uncertainty is a price worth paying, but my concern is more practical. The NHS consume
29、s the second biggest budget in Whitehall. Next year, thanks to this governments success in turning around the economy, it will have the sixth biggest increase in its history. Investing in the NHS will always be a priority for this government, but the simple fact is this: an economic shock would put
30、pressure on our finances. According to the OECD, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Italy all cut health spending per head following the economic crisis. Of course, our economy is stronger and more resilient, but only in the last two weeks a series of studies from the likes of the London School of Economic
31、s, Oxford Economics and the CBI have shown that the impact of an exit could cost the UK more than 5% of the size of our economy.This would inevitably mean less money for public services like the NHS. Those who want to leave need to explain how they could protect the NHS from this economic shock. It
32、is not just a question of the risk to the pounds in our pocket, but to the pounds in the NHS budget as well. We should not take that risk.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Paragraph 1, what is the authors attitude toward Brexit?（分数：2.00）A.Contemptuous.B.Appreciative.C.Critical.D.Indifferent.(2).The word “b
33、ullish“ (Para. 3) is closest in meaning to（分数：2.00）A.aggressive.B.feverish.C.optimistic.D.reserved.(3).The author believes that Brexit will（分数：2.00）A.help UK achieve economic recovery in a long term.B.throw British economy into an unpredictable state.C.retain global competitiveness in a single marke
34、t.D.guarantee the normal operation of the NHS.(4).To which of the following will the author be most likely to agree?（分数：2.00）A.A strong NHS is necessarily related to a strong economy.B.Economic boom will mean less money for the health service.C.A vote to leavethe EU will create economic prosperity.D
35、.The budget for the NHS requires further investigation.(5).The author seems to be mainly concerned with the impact of leaving the EU on（分数：2.00）A.the budget of the NHS.B.the income of families.C.the size of the economy.D.the role of public services.Restoring the worlds fisheries is really a no-brain
36、er, says a new study published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). A team of scientists from the University of California compiled a database of over 4,500 fisheries around the world, and after using various bioeconomic models, the authors found that health
37、and productivity are not mutually exclusive when it comes to the worlds fisheries. “It is not a tradeoff between the needs of fishermen and the needs of fish,“ Douglas Rader, chief oceans scientist at the Environmental Defense Fund, tells The Christian Science Monitor in a phone interview Monday. “T
38、o have our fish and eat them tooits remarkable.“ “Applying sound management reforms to global fisheries in our dataset could generate annual increases exceeding 16 million metric tons (MMT) in catch, $ 53 billion in profit, and 619 MMT in biomass relative to business as usual,“ the authors explain i
39、n their study. “We also find that, with appropriate reforms, recovery can happen quickly, with the median fishery taking under 10 years to reach recovery targets. Our results show that commonsense reforms to fishery management would dramatically improve overall fish abundance while increasing food s
40、ecurity and profits.“ Rights-based fishery management (RBFM) optimizes economic value. In this approach, fishing quotas are set to ensure healthy population levels, and then in turn product prices increase (because of higher quality and demand) and fishing costs decrease (because of a reduced race t
41、o fish). And RBFM is realized through approaches like cooperatives, territorial rights, and individual transferable quotas. All of these approaches give fishermen secure fishing rights. Under most current management systems, fisherman practice a “race to fish“ competing with one another to catch as
42、many fish as possible, taking fish at a faster rate than they can reproduce. Some governments have instituted individual quotas, but this creates a tense relationship between fisherman and regulators, and the men and women on the water lack a financial incentive to preserve the overall ecosystem. “I
43、n contrast, in a catch share system (also called a fishing rights system) , each fisherman is entitled to a percentage of the total allocated haul,“ explains National Geographics Brian Clark Howard after his conversation with study author Amanda Leland. “ If the number of fish in the ocean rises, th
44、e number that can be caught can quickly be revised. That gives all fishermen an incentive to use best practices and patrol their own waters, says Leland, so everyone s piece of the pie gets bigger.“ And this isnt exactly a new concept, says Rader. Weve known the fates of fisheries and fisherman are
45、interconnected, but this study proves that both financial and reproductive success, respectively, are possible.（分数：10.00）(1).What used to be the relationship between health and productivity concerning the worlds fisheries?（分数：2.00）A.Fragile.B.Harmonious.C.Casual.D.Incompatible.(2).It seems that the
46、recovery of fisheries depends much on（分数：2.00）A.the use of fishing technologies.B.the catch sizes in fisheries.C.the improvement of biomass.D.the amount of investment.(3).What can be the critical element in the rights-based fishery management?（分数：2.00）A.Territorial defence.B.Fishing quotas.C.Fund al
47、location.D.Close cooperation.(4).The authors attitude towards the current practices of fishermen seems to be that of（分数：2.00）A.disapproval.B.appreciation.C.indulgence.D.understanding.(5).The text is intended to answer the question of（分数：2.00）A.Is Rights-based fishery management rewarding?B.Will fish
48、ermen make more money in the world?C.Can we rescue both fisheries and fishermen?D.May underwater populations worldwide be restored?Ah, the naivety of the older generation. Nearly 500 eminent astronomers, biologists, chemists, physicists and earth scientists have been surveyed to identify the “core traits of exemplary scientists“. Their answer? Honesty is critical, second only to curiosity, and we ought to do more to instil it in those considering science careers. Ironically, they are deceiving
